ARCTIC EXPLORATION". 



35 



seen in this region. After much suffering and 

 peril, the station was again reached July loth. 

 The ice began to break up in Discovery Har- 

 bor July 9th, and by August 6th Lady Franklin 

 Bay was practically clear. Greely ran down 

 August 12th with the steaui-launch to Cape Cra- 

 croft to leave provisions, and could see no ice 

 in Kennedy Channel to the south. Dr. Pavy 

 and Corporal Ellison made an overland trip in 

 the latter part of August from Cape Baird to 

 Carl Ritter Bay, and discovered a large valley 

 extending across Daly Peninsula from Cape 

 Baird to Cape Defosse. Several trips were 

 made by Lockwood in the launch, one to the 

 head of Archer's Fiord, whence he brought 

 twelve musk-oxen, and one to Weyprecht Fiord. 

 In September the hope of relief was given up, 

 and the party settled down to a second winter 

 in their quarters, their supplies being sufficient 

 to occasion no uneasiness. From October 26th 

 to November 5th, Dr. Pavy and Sergeant Brain- 

 erd made a trip to Carl Ritter Bay with a dog- 

 team, but discovered no sign of any vessel. The 

 winter was passed much as the first had been, 

 and in February, 1883, preparations began to be 

 made for the retreat. Caches of provisions were 

 made at Cape Baird by Brainerd, and at Cape 

 Sumner, Newman's Bay, by Lockwood and 

 others. An attempt was made under Lock- 

 wood early in April at further explorations on 

 the north coast of Greenland, but the party 

 was forced to return in six days, having en- 

 countered open water and escaping with diffi- 

 culty from a floe that became detached from 

 the main body of ice. Sergeant Rice and a 

 party of twelve men visited Hall's Rest and re- 

 turned after six days with the ice-boat Beau- 

 mont. April 24th Lockwood, Brainerd, and the 

 Esquimau Fred set out for the interior of 

 Grinnell Land. They traveled to Ella Bay, 

 Arthur Fiord, and their further progress was 

 prevented by the twin glaciers. A mountain 

 5,000 feet high was seen here which was 

 called Mount Difficulty. Turning back and 

 following the shores of Beatrix Bay, they 

 reached the west coast of Grinnell Land and 

 looked out on the Polar Ocean. They discov- 

 ered an immense inland glacier, forming the ice- 

 cap of southern Grinnell Land and separated 

 from the northern ice-cap by a belt of land 

 sixty miles wide. This glacier presented a 

 face two hundred feet high, and its surface 

 conformed apparently to that of the underly- 

 ing land, presenting the appearance of hills 

 and valleys and abrupt peaks. It was called 

 Agassiz Glacier. The farthest western point 

 was reached May 13th, latitude 80 48' 39" 

 north, longitude 78 26' west. A cliff 2,200 

 feet high, containing petrified roots and other 

 fossil remains, was ascended on the 16th, and 

 it was found that the land terminated on the 

 north side in a high headland fifty or sixty 

 miles away, which was called Cape Brainerd. 

 A corresponding headland to the south was 

 called Cape Lockwood. Beyond the latter, and 

 separated from it by open water, was discov- 



ered what was supposed to be new land, which 

 was named Arthur Land. After a trying and 

 difficult journey through snow-storms and with 

 short rations, the party reached Fort Conger on 

 the return, May 26th. A six days' trip to the 

 northwest was made by Lockwood and Brain- 

 erd in June (13th-19th), without important re- 

 sult. More active preparations were then made 

 for the retreat. The ice began to break up Au- 

 gust 4th, and on the 19th the way was open 

 for boats, and the party abandoned their camp 

 with the steam-launch Lady Greely, the whale- 

 boat Narwhal, the jolly-boat Valorous, left at 

 the Cape Hawks by the English and brought 

 by the Proteus in 1881, and the ice-boat Beau- 

 mont, leaving the dogs behind, with four bar- 

 rels of pork and some seal-oil. 



By this expedition, exploration of the north- 

 ern coast of Greenland was carried one de- 

 gree of latitude and about ten degrees of lon- 

 gitude farther than the point previously at- 

 tained. From an elevation of 2,000 feet, Lieut. 

 Lockwood could see no land to the north, and 

 it has been concluded by some authorities that 

 Greenland is an island extending little or not 

 at all beyond 84 north latitude. The region 

 of Dr. Hayes's open polar sea was filled with ice- 

 packs. Lockwood, in sounding between Cape 

 Britannia and Cape Bryant, failed to touch bot- 

 tom with a line of 165 fathoms. The vege- 

 tation and animal life encountered at the high- 

 est point attained was not different from that 

 before known. The deflection of the magnetic 

 needle was 104 west. The explorations of 

 Greely on Grinnell Land are supposed to estab- 

 lish the fact that it is an island, the western 

 border of which was reached, Grant Land being 

 a peninsula connected with it. Many new 

 features of this region were laid down, includ- 

 ing mountains, rivers, and lakes. The highest 

 temperature observed at Lady Franklin Bay 

 was 52 above zero, June 30, 1882, the lowest 

 66 below, in February, 1883. During the latter 

 month the mercury was frozen, and remained 

 solid for fifteen days. The mercury invaria- 

 bly rose in the thermometer during storms 

 or high winds. The highest barometer was 

 slightly above thirty-one inches, and the lowest 

 slightly below twenty-nine, showing a great 

 range, the greatest variations being in winter. 

 The average temperature of the water was 29 

 above zero. The highest velocity of wind ob- 

 served was seventy miles an hour, which oc- 

 curred during a snow-storm. From the elec- 

 trometer no results whatever were obtained, 

 much to the surprise of the observer. The dis- 

 plays of aurora were not to be compared with 

 those observed at Disco and Upernavik. The 

 brightest displays were in the southwestern 

 horizon. The general shape was that of a rib- 

 bon, and no crackling sound was noticed. 

 Shadows were distinctly seen by its light. 

 There were no electrical disturbances, except 

 a rumbling like distant thunder. It was found 

 that the tides at Lady Franklin Bay came from 

 the north, while those at Oape Sabine came 



