AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



63 



kilometres being owned and controlled by 

 companies. 



Telegraphs. The length of telegraph lines in 

 Austria in 1882 was 36,043 kilometres, of 

 which the state owned 23,544 kilometres, and 

 railroad companies 12,233. The total length 

 of wires was 93,993 kilometres. The number 

 of dispatches in 1882 was 6,626,203. The 

 receipts were 4,191,650 guldens; expenses, 

 3,531,372 guldens. The length of telegraph 

 lines in Hungary in 1881 was 15,289 kilome- 

 tres; length of wires, 54,852 kilometres; total 

 number of dispatches, 3,164,054; receipts, 

 1,669,686 guldens; expenses, 1,903,695. 



The Post-Office. The number of letters, postal- 

 cards, circulars, etc., forwarded by the Aus- 

 trian Post-Office in 1882 was 341,726,000, of 

 which 97,218,000 were international ; the num- 

 ber of newspapers, 75,978,900; the amount of 

 money transferred by postal-orders, 4,941,800,- 

 000 guldens, of which 755,300,000 guldens was 

 to or from foreign countries. The receipts of 

 the Austrian Post-Office were 18,104,340 gul- 

 dens; expenses, 15,113,770 guldens. The num- 

 ber of letters, etc., forwarded in the Hungarian 

 Post-Office was 105,415,000, of which 7,019,- 

 000 were foreign ; the number of newspapers, 

 36,747,600; the amount of money forwarded, 

 1,067,000^000 guldens; the receipts, 6,811,055 

 guldens; the expenditures, 5,419,610 guldens. 



The Army. The peace establishment of the 

 Austro-IIungarian army numbers 18,676 offi- 

 cers and 271,833 men. The war strength is 

 32,809 officers and 1,026,130 men, with 204,- 

 890 horses, and 1,625 pieces of artillery. The 

 recruiting laws are framed to yield a normal 

 effective of 800,000 men in the field army, 

 138,000 in the Austrian Landwehr, besides 20,- 

 000 riflemen furnished by Tyrol and Vorarl- 

 berg, and 205,000 in the Hungarian Honved. 

 The actual war effective of the field army is 

 800.799 officers and men; of the Cisleithan 

 Landwehr, 121,542; of the Honved, 130,262. 

 Military service, is universal and obligatory; 

 three years in the standing army, seven in the 

 reserve, and two in the Landwehr. The excess 

 of recruits over the required annual contingent 

 are added to the Landwehr, except a number, 

 equal to ten per cent, of the annual recruit, 

 who are attached to the field army as a re- 

 serve to supply losses in the ranks. The Hon- 

 ved, which can only be employed outside of 

 the lands of the Hungarian crown with the 

 permission of Parliament, is more thoroughly 

 organized and trained than the Landwehr of 

 any other country, and takes part in the 

 autumn manoeuvres with the regular troops. 

 The cavalry possesses in time of peace its full 

 complement of horses. The Austrian Landwehr 

 infantry is kept up to the same degree of effi- 

 ciency; but the cavalry has existed hitherto 

 only on paper. In October, 1883, new regula- 

 tions went into effect for the organization of a 

 trained and equipped Landwehr cavalry, con- 

 sisting of three dragoon and three Uhlan regi- 

 ments to begin with. The horses are bought 



by the Government and given into the care of 

 private individuals, who keep them in good 

 condition for six years in return for their use, 

 except during five months of the first year de- 

 voted to menage, and the periods of tactical 

 exercise, and for full possession when the six 

 years are over. 



The Navy. The Austrian Government has 

 not kept pace with other governments in naval 

 development since the days when Tegetthoff 

 covered the Austrian navy with glory at Hel- 

 goland and Lissa. Baron von Pockh, who suc- 

 ceeded Tegetthoff in the command of the navy 

 in 1871, retired on account of sickness in 

 November, 1883. His successor, Rear- Admiral 

 Sterneck, one of Tegetthoff's most efficient 

 subordinates, was appointed, with the hope of 

 infusing new life into the neglected and slug- 

 gish naval service. The first act of the new 

 commander was to form the ironclads into a 

 squadron, and put them through elaborate 

 manoeuvres to exercise the officers in the prin- 

 cipal design of the present naval armament, 

 which is to keep the Adriatic clear in case of 

 war. The ironclads were then placed out of 

 commission, and four corvettes sent out on 

 cruises to distant parts of the world for the 

 technical improvement of the officers and 

 crews, and for the sake of the commercial ad- 

 vantage of showing the Austrian flag on distant 

 coasts where there are consular agents, or any 

 Austro-Hungarian trading interests. The iron- 

 clad fleet consists of 8 casemated vessels and 3 

 frigates. The unarmored steamers are 2 frig- 

 ates, 3 close-decked corvettes, 5 open-decked 

 corvettes, 4 torpedo-boats, 7 gunboats, and 10 

 transports, yachts, etc. On the Danube there 

 are two monitors. The number of officers in 

 time of peace is 533, and of men 6,890. 



finance. The closed accounts of 1880 make 

 the ordinary expenditures 102,089,579 gul- 

 dens (the value of the Austrian gulden or florin 

 is 45'3 cents), and the extraordinary expendi- 

 tures 13,670,415 guldens, including 8,126,613 

 guldens of military expenses in the occupied 

 provinces; total expenditures, 115,759,994 gul- 

 dens. The total receipts were of the same 

 amount, made up of net receipts from cus- 

 toms, 4,908,319 guldens; payment from the 

 Hungarian treasury, 2,217,033 guldens; quotas 

 of the two monarchies, 108,634,642 guldens. 

 (The common expenses, beyond the receipts 

 from customs and other sources, are assessed 

 on the two monarchies in the proportion of 70 

 per cent, on Austria and 30 per cent, on Hun- 

 gary.) The budget for 1883 fixes the ordinary 

 expenditures at 109,015,472 guldens, of which 

 4,210,100 guldens are for the diplomatic ser- 

 vice, 94,905,161 for the army, 7,815,760 for 

 the marine, 1,958,786 for financial administra- 

 tion and military pensions, and 125,665 for the 

 audit bureau ; the extraordinory expenditures 

 at 8,815,296 guldens; total expenditures, 117,- 

 830,768. The receipts from various branches 

 of the administration are reckoned at 3,248,- 

 780 guldens, from customs 14,670,225 guldens, 



