88 



ELAINE, JAMES G. 



BOLIVIA. 



manufactures and greater harm to our labor. Experi- 

 ment in the industrial and financial system is the 

 country's greatest dread, as stability is its greatest 

 boon. Even the uncertainty resulting from the recent 

 tariff agitation in Congress nas hurtt'ully affected the 

 business of the entire" country. 



Any effort to unite the Southern States upon issues 

 that grow out of the memories of the war will sum- 

 mon the Northern States to combine in the assertion 

 of that nationality which was their inspiration in the 

 civil struggle. And thus great energies which should 

 be united in a common industrial development will be 

 wasted in hurtful strife. The Democratic party shows 

 itself a foe to Southern prosperity by always invoking 

 and urging Southern political consolidation. Such a 

 policy quenches the rising instinct of patriotism in the 

 heart of the Southern youth ; it revives and stimulates 

 prejudice ; it substitutes the spirit of barbaric venge- 

 ance for the love of peace, progress, and harmony. 



The growth of the country has continually and 

 necessarily enlarged the civil service, until now it in- 

 cludes a vast body of officers. Eules and methods of 

 appointment which prevailed when the number was 

 smaller have been found insufficient and impracticable, 

 and earnest efforts have been made to separate the 

 great mass of ministerial officers from partisan in- 

 fluence and personal control. Impartiality ^ in the 

 mode of appointment to be based on qualification, and 

 security of tenure to be based on faithful discharge ot 

 duty, arc the two ends to be accomplished. The pub- 

 lic business will be aided by separating the legislative 

 branch of the Government from all control of appoint- 

 ments, and the executive department will be relieved 

 by subjecting appointments to fixed rules, and thus 

 removing them from the caprice of favoritism. But 

 there should be rigid observance of the law which 

 gives in all cases of equal competency the preference 

 to the soldiers who risked their lives in defense of the 

 Union. 



The claim of the Mormons that they are divinely 

 authorized to practice polygamy should no more be 

 admitted than the claim of certain heathen tribes, if 

 they should come among us, to continue the rite of 

 human sacrifice. The law does not interfere with 

 what a man believes, it takes cognizance only of what 

 he does. As citizens the Mormons are entitled to the 

 same civil rights as others, and to these they must 

 be confined. Polygamy can never receive national 

 sanction or toleration by the admission of the com- 

 munity that upholds it as a State in the Union. Like 

 others, the Mormons must learn that the liberty of the 

 individual ceases where the rights of society begin. 



During the latter half of the canvass, Mr. 

 Blaine addressed large audiences in his own 

 State, and in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 

 Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 

 vania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and 

 Wisconsin. He made public addresses continu- 

 ously for . forty-three days, speaking, it is said, 

 over four hundred times in that period. The 

 speeches were usually from ten to fifteen min- 

 utes in length. (For returns of the election, 

 see the articles CLEVELAND, GROVEK, and 

 UNITED STATES.) After the result had been 

 determined, he made, at his home in Augusta, 

 a speech in which he arraigned the Democratic 

 party for carrying the election by suppressing 

 the Republican vote in the Southern States^ 

 and cited the figures of the returns to show 

 that, on an average, only one half or one third 

 as many votes had been case for each presi- 

 dential elector or member of Congress elected 

 in the South as for each elected in the North. 

 This speech had a startling effect, and attracted 

 universal attention, though Mr. Blaine had set 



forth the same thing in a speech in Congress 

 as long before as Dec. 11, 1878, when he said : 



The issue raised before the country is not one of 

 mere sentiment for the rights of the negro ; though 

 far distant be the day when the rights of any Ameri- 

 can citizen, however black or however poor, shall 

 form the mere dust of the balance in any controversy ! 

 . . . The issue has taken a far wider range, one of 

 portentous magnitude ; and that is, whether the white 

 voter of the North shall be equal to the white voter 

 of the South in shaping the policy and fixing the 

 destiny of this country ; or whether, to put it still 

 more boldly, the white man who fought in the ranks 

 of the Union army shall have as weighty and influen- 

 tial a vote in the government of the republic as the 

 white man who fought in the ranks of the rebel army. 

 ... In Iowa and Wisconsin it takes 132,000 white 

 population to send a Eepresentative to Congress ; but 

 in South Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana, every 

 60,000 white people send a representative. 



In 1884 Mr. Blaine published the first vol- 

 ume of a work entitled " Twenty Years of 

 Congress,' 1 and he is understood to be now 

 at work on the second volume. (See portrait 

 in Vol. VI of "Annual Cyclopsedia," page 738.) 



BOLIVIA, an independent republic of South 

 America. Previous to the war with Chili, Bo- 

 livia was divided into nine provinces, and the 

 population was about 2,400,000.* 



Ports. The Chilians, in 1880, by right of con- 

 quest, seized the entire Bolivian seaboard, in- 

 cluding the port of Cobi ja, Bolivia's only outlet 

 to the ocean. By the terms of the truce treaty, 

 however, the landlocked republic, in 1884, came 

 into possession of the new port of Antofagasta, 

 between which and the nitrate-fields of Aguas 

 Blancas a line of railway is to be built. 



Government, Pnblic Offices, etc. The executive 

 power resides in a President elected for four 

 years. The position of chief magistrate, how- 

 ever, has hitherto been gained rather by force 

 of arms than by the people's voice. The 

 President is assisted in his functions by two 

 Vice- Presidents and four Cabinet ministers 

 appointed by himself. The legislative power is 

 vested in a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies, 

 the members of both being elected by uni- 

 versal suffrage. 



The President of the Republic is Gen. Cam- 

 pero, inaugurated in June, 1880; the First 

 Vice-President, Don Mariano Baptista; and the 

 Second Vice-President, Dr. B. Salinas. 



The Bolivian Envoy Extraordinary and Min- 

 ister Plenipotentiary to the United States is 

 Dr. L. Cabrera; the Bolivian Consul-General 

 at New York is Senor M. Obarrio ; the Consul 

 at New Orleans, Sefior T. P. Macheca ; and the 

 Consul at San Francisco, Sefior F. Herrera. 



The United States Minister resident at Sucre 

 is Hon. Richard Gibbs. 



Army. The army, previous to the outbreak 

 of the war with Chili, was commonly reported 

 as 3,021 strong, including eight generals and 

 1,013 other officers. The expenditure for this 

 department usually amounted to two thirds of 

 the entire revenue. 



* For particulars relating to area, territorial division, and 

 population, reference may be made to the volumes for 18S8 

 and 1880, in which latter minute details will be found. 



