BRAZIL. 



Princess Imperial Donna Izabel, and Prince 

 Gaston of Orleans, Count d'Eu, the following 

 members extraordinary (limited in number to 

 twelve) : Senators 'Viscount de Muritiba, Vis- 

 count de Bom Retiro, Admiral Lamare, J. J. 

 Teixeira, M. P. de Souza Dantas, Viscount de 

 Paranagua, J. L. V. Cansansao de Sinimbti; 

 Deputies Martin Francisco, Ribeirode Andrade, 

 P. J. Soarez de Souza, J. C. de Andrade Pinto ; 

 and Senators Affonso Celso de A. Figueiredo, 

 J. B. da Cunha e Figueiredo, Lafayette Rodri- 

 guez Pereira, and L. A. Vieira da Silva. 



The President of the Senate, which com- 

 prises fifty-eight members elected for life, was 

 Councilor Baron de Cotegipe ; and the Vice- 

 President, Count de Baependy. 



The President of the Chamber of Deputies, 

 which is composed of one hundred and twenty- 

 two members elected for a term of four years, 

 was Councilor A. M. de Barros ; and the Vice- 

 President, M. A. de Araujo. 



The presidents of the several provinces were 

 as follow: Alag6as, Dr. H. M. Salles; Ama- 

 zonas, Dr. J. J. Ferreira ; Bahia, Councilor J. 

 R. Chaves; Ceara, Dr. 0. H. B. Ottoni; Es- 

 pirito Santo, Dr. J. J. Affonso Alves; Goyaz, 

 Dr. C. A. M. de Brito ; Maranhao, Baron Gra- 

 jahn; Matto-Grosso, Baron Bacovi ; Minas- 

 Geraes, Dr. A. G. Chaves ; Para, Councilor J. 

 Silveira de Souza; Parahyba, Dr. J. A. do 

 Nascimento; Parana, Dr. A. M. de Oliveira; 

 Pernambuco, Dr. J. M. de Freitas; Piauhy, 

 Dr. E. A. Victorio da Costa; Rio Grande do 

 Norte, Dr. F. P. Salles; Rio de Janeiro, Dr. J. 

 L. de Godoy Vasconcellos ; Santa Catharina, 

 Dr. F. L. da Gama Roza; Sao Paulo, Dr. O. J. 

 Paula de Andrade ; Sao Pedro (or Rio Grande 

 do Sul), Councilor J. J. d' Albuquerque ; Ser- 

 gipe, Dr. F. G. C. Barreto. 



Church Dignitaries. The Rt. Rev. L. A. dos 

 Santos (1880) is Archbishop of Bahia and 

 Primate of all Brazil; and there are eleven 

 bishops : those of Belem, or Para, Sao Luiz, 

 Fortaleza, Olinda, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, 

 Porto Alegre, Marianna, Diamantina, Goyaz, 

 and Cuyaba. 



Diplomatic Corps. The Brazilian Minister 

 Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to 

 the United States is Councilor F. Lopez Netto ; 

 and the Consul General of Brazil at New York 

 for the Union is Dr. Salvador Mendouca. 



The United States Envoy Extraordinary 

 and Minister Plenipotentiary to Brazil is Hon. 

 T. A. Osborn ; and the United States Consul- 

 General at Rio de Janeiro is Mr. C. C. An- 

 drews. 



Army. The actual strength of the army in 

 1884 was 13,764, including 1,900 officers of all 

 ranks. The war strength was fixed at 30,000. 

 The state of the several armies was as follows: 

 Cavalry, 5 regiments, 2 corps of chasseurs, of 

 5 companies each, and 1 garrison squadron and 

 5 companies ; infantry, 21 battalions, 8 garrison 

 companies, and 1 depot company for drill ; ar- 

 tillery, 3 regiments of horse, and 4 battalions 

 of foot ; sappers, 1 battalion. 



The gendarme corps comprises 10,792 men, 

 1,063 of whom are at Rio. 



NaTy, The navy, in 1883, consisted of 33 

 steam-vessels (7 ironclads, 1 frigate, 7 cor- 

 vettes, 16 gunboats, 2 transports), and 2 sail-of- 

 the-line, with an aggregate of 3,148 men, and 

 a total armament of 123 guns. There was, be- 

 sides, one school-ship; and, in course of con- 

 struction, one ironclad and five gunboats. 



The personnel of the navy consisted of 15 

 general staff-officers, 378 first-class officers, a 

 sanitary corps of 68 men, 91 accountants, 79 

 guardians, and 181 engineers; an imperial ma- 

 rine corps, 2,922 strong; a naval battalion of 

 450 men, and 1,520 apprentices : total, 5,704. 



Besides the naval arsenals at Rio de Janeiro, 

 Para, Pernambuco, and Bahia, there is one in 

 the province of Matto-Grosso. 



Education. The primary branches of public 

 instruction in the capital are controlled by the 

 Imperial Government, and in the provinces by 

 the Provincial Assemblies; and primary educa- 

 tion is gratuitous throughout the empire, com- 

 pulsory in some of the provinces, and to be- 

 come compulsory in all " as soon as the Gov- 

 ernment deems it opportune." The primary 

 and secondary schools numbered 5,785 in 1881, 

 with an attendance of 188,843, against 140,000 

 in 1874. The higher branches of literature, 

 the arts, sciences, law, etc., are taught in nu- 

 merous colleges and special schools in the capi- 

 tal and other chief cities. 



Finances. The redeeming feature of Brazil- 

 ian financial policy is punctuality in the pay- 

 ment of interest on the foreign branch of the 

 national debt, and on that circumstance mainly 

 rests the empire's credit in European markets, 

 though that punctuality is attained at the ex- 

 pense of credit at home. The invariable excess 

 of expenditures over receipts, which was great- 

 ly enhanced during the Paraguayan war and 

 the disastrous northern famine of 1881, creates 

 deficits, to be covered by the issue of loans 

 at home and abroad, and the imposition of op- 

 pressive duties on exports and imports, besides 

 undue taxation of lands, house-rent, trades, the 

 transfer of property, etc. 



The foreign debt, according to the report of 

 the Minister of Finance, amounted, in Decem- 

 ber, 1882, to 15,002,500, which, by the issue 

 of the 1883 loan (4,599,600), was increased to 

 19,602,000 ; or, less the reduction effected in 

 the year last named, to 19,032,000. The in- 

 ternal consolidated debt amounted, on March 

 31,1883, to 407,823,000 milreis, including the 4$ 

 per cent, loan of 1879, virtually transferred to 

 Europe. But at that date the Government had 

 also liabilities as follow : deposits of all kinds, 

 57,133,470 milreis; treasury bills, 46,651,000; 

 paper money, 188,041,080 ; constituting a total 

 home debt of 699,662,650 milreis, equivalent, 

 at the then current rate of exchange, to 62,- 

 333,000, which, added to the foreign debt above 

 mentioned, makes an aggregate national debt 

 of 81,369,000. In these figures are not in- 

 cluded the provincial debts, often so large as to 



