CANOES. 



CAPE COLONY. 



109 



possible for her to " lie-to " in case of need, 

 with her head to wind and sea. The chief ad- 

 vantage of the lateen sail is, that it can be in- 

 stantly and wholly detached from the mast, and 

 rolled up for stowage on deck or elsewhere. 

 The masts, being very short,do not interfere with 

 paddling,and may, therefore, be kept in position 

 all the time while afloat. There is the further 

 advantage of simplicity in the absence of run- 

 ning-rigging, the sheet being the 

 oniy line absolutely necessary. The 

 lateen may, however, be fitted with 

 halyards, down-haul, and reefing- 

 gear, if desired. The settee is an 

 improvement upon the lateen, in 

 that the lower part can be readily 

 reefed by means of running-lines 

 attached to its single batten, C, as 

 in the case of the lug (infra). The 

 mast-attachments are variously ar- 

 ranged, boom-jaws similar to those 

 of the lateen having been success- 

 fully applied. When reefed, the 

 settee becomes a lateen. 



The lug-sail will drive a canoe 

 through the water faster than any 

 other now in use. Its general shape 

 is as shown. C C are light spars, 

 or "battens," usually of ash or 

 bamboo, which are inclosed in 

 "pockets" running across the sail, 

 occasional slits being necessary for 

 the attachment of "parrels," D D, 

 reefing-gear, etc. The reefing-gear 

 can not be shown in an engraving of this size. It 

 consists of lines attached to the successive bat- 

 tens, and running through rings to the boom, 

 where again they pass through small blocks. A 

 pull on these lines hauls the batten close down 

 to the boom. The lines are then made fast to 

 cleats. There are various ways of rigging these 

 reefing-lines, each of which has its special ad- 

 vantages. The sail is hoisted and lowered by 

 means of ordinary halyards and down-hauls, 

 and "parrels " at the two spars and at each of 

 the battens hold it close to the mast when set. 



The mizzen, shown in Fig. 2, is a "fan-sail." 

 It is very easily reefed by hauling C close to 

 the mast and making it fast. It is a very con- 

 venient form for a small sail. 



All running rigging, such as halyards, reef- 

 ing-gear, down-hauls, etc., should lead aft or 

 forward to within easy reach of the hand. 



Canoes are built with or without keels. For 

 sailing-canoes, a keel or its equivalent is essen- 

 tial in working to windward. For paddling, it 

 may be dispensed with. There are several pa- 

 tented forms of folding center-boards, E, which 

 are much used on sailing-canoes. An ordinary 

 keel, however, an inch and a half to two inches 

 deep, is sufficient for general purposes. 



Canoes are usually built of white cedar, and 

 the ordinary lap-streak method of construction 

 is perhaps the most common. But they are 

 often made with a smooth outside skin, this 

 method being very popular in Canada, where 



it has been brought to great perfection for 

 lightness and strength. 



The canoe has no superior among small 

 boats for general utility in pleasure-cruising. 

 Some prudence and skill, easily acquired by 

 experience, are requisite for its safe manage- 

 ment ; but with due exercise of these its owner 

 may go almost anywhere on inland or coast- 

 wise waters, always having a good shelter with 



THE PEARL. 



him, and being able to transport all the stores 

 and equipments necessary to comfortable camp- 

 ing. 



There are several thousand canoeists in the 

 United States and Canada. Many of them be- 

 long to the American Canoe Association, and 

 scattered over the country are numerous local 

 clubs. The " American Canoeist," New York, 

 is the official organ of the association. It is 

 now in its third volume, and is the only publi- 

 cation of the kind in the world. See " Rob 

 Roy on the Jordan," "Bob Roy on the Baltic," 

 "A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy," etc., by 

 John MacGregor ; " Management and Handling 

 of Canoes," by "Tiphys"; "Voyage of the 

 Paper Canoe," by N. H. Bishop ; " Canoeing 

 in Kanuckia," by C. L. Norton and John Hab- 

 berton ; " The Canoe and the Flying Proa," by 

 W. L. Alden; "A Canoe Trip," by A. F. Sey- 

 mour; "Yacht and Boat Sailing," by Dixon 

 Kemp ; " Cruises in Small Yachts and Big 

 Canoes," by H. F. Speed; "Three in Nor way," 

 by Two of them; and "Canoe Voyage," by 

 W. Baden-Powell. 



CAPE COLONY AXD SOUTH AFRICA. The Cape 

 of Good Hope is a British colony possessing 

 responsible government. The members of the 

 House of Assembly and the Legislative Coun- 

 cil are elected by limited suffrage. The Gov- 

 ernor is Sir Hercules Robinson, appointed in 

 1880. The Prime Minister is Mr. Upington, 

 who in May, 1884, succeeded Sir T. C. Scanlen, 



