114 



CAPE COLONY AND SOUTH AFRICA. 



vaal. The German aspirations tended also to 

 cement the relations between Cape Colony and 

 Great Britain, and reconcile the colonists to 

 an imperial policy. The Colonial Govern- 

 ment still refused to join with the imperial au- 

 thorities or undertake any expenses in Bechu- 

 analand except for the purpose of annexa- 

 tion. They raised no objection, however, to 

 British action. The general feeling in the col- 

 ony was strongly in favor of enforcing the 

 convention and establishing the protectorate. 

 With many of the Cape Colonists the interests 

 of the protected natives would be no safer 

 than in the hands of the Boers. The desira- 

 bility of the rich farming and grazing lands, 

 which contained a population of only 20,000 

 souls, was freely expressed in the colonial press. 

 The British Government obtained from Par- 

 liament a vote of credit for 750,000. Col. 

 Sir Charles Warren, who formerly served in 

 Griqualand West, was appointed to conduct an 

 expedition to Bechuanaland. He was author- 

 ized to raise 1,500 volunteers. The force was 

 recruited in England. A great number of gen- 

 tlemen, some of them military officers, joined 

 the ranks, anxious to have a brush with the 

 Boers, and retrieve the defeats of the Transvaal 

 war. These irregular troops were to be sup- 

 ported by a large force of regular soldiers. 

 Before the arrival of the expeditionary force, 

 which departed from England in the middle of 

 November, the Cape ministry went to Bechu- 

 analand, the British Government having em- 

 powered them to secure, if possible, the resti- 

 tution of Montsioa's lands by pacific means on 

 the basis of annexation to Cape Colony. 



Znlnland. After the deposition of Cetewayo, 

 tlie British Government, on the advice of Sir 

 Garnet Wolseley, divided Zululand between 

 thirteen kinglets, who began to "eat up" one 

 another when left to themselves. The Zulus 

 were divided into two main parties, the ad- 

 herents of the deposed monarch and those 

 attached to the fortunes of the more ambitious 

 of the new chiefs set up by the English, John 

 Dunn, Cetewayo's brother Oham, Hlubi, and 

 1'sibepu, who espoused the British cause in 

 the Zulu war. Five of the kinglets and the 

 main bulk of the nation desired the restoration 

 of Cetewayo. The British Government adopt- 

 ed this plan as a means of putting an end to 

 the anarchy, rather than annexing the country, 

 or imposing a military control that would 

 result in annexation. Sir Henry Bulwer and 

 the people of Natal feared the re-establish- 

 ment of the Zulu military power. To satisfy 

 them and to keep faith with the chiefs and 

 people hostile to Cetewayo, a strip next to 

 the Natal border, comprising about one third 

 of Zululand, was reserved as neutral native 

 territory under imperial jurisdiction. Those 

 who were unwilling to accept Cetewayo's rule 

 could obtain lands in this Zulu Reserve. Usi- 

 bepu, the most powerful of the kinglets, was 

 left in possession of an extensive country in 

 the north. Cetewayo returned in the latter 



part of 1882. In June, 1883, he was surprised 

 by the combined armies of Usibepu and Oham, 

 his army routed, and himself driven a fugitive 

 into the Reserve. The country of the Usutus 

 was devastated by their enemies. In March, 

 1884, Cetewayo died in exile. The Usutu 

 army then mustered again, and the war was 

 renewed. Usibepu and his ally Hlubi again 

 defeated the Usutus and announced the inten- 

 tion of annexing their country. In the south 

 the Usutus encountered the forces of Oham 

 and John Dunn, and made an incursion into 

 the Reserve, threatening Resident Commis- 

 sioner Osborn, until re-enforcements of regu- 

 lar troops arrived. The Usutus in May ac- 

 cepted the assistance of Transvaal Boers. The 

 sovereignty of Cetewayo was in dispute be- 

 tween Undabuko, Umnyamana, and other 

 claimants. The Boers, who came in violation 

 of a proclamation of the Transvaal Govern- 

 ment, ostensibly as peace-makers, proposed to 

 set up Cetewayo's young son Dinizulu, the 

 rightful heir. The Usutus agreed to this de- 

 cision. The hostile chiefs also acquiesced, on 

 condition that they were not to be disturbed 

 in their possessions. Dinizulu was crowned 

 in the presence of several thousand Zulus and 

 about two hundred and fifty Boers on the 21st 

 of May. The Boers were allowed to establish 

 a township in the vicinity of Dinizulu's capital, 

 and were promised farms in western Zululand 

 covering the identical strip claimed by the 

 Transvaal before the Zulu war, and awarded 

 to the Zulus by a British referee. Demands 

 were then made of Usibepu, which he refused 

 to satisfy. The Usutus with their white allies 

 marched against him, defeated him in battle, 

 June 6th, overran his country, as he had cen- 

 tral Zululand, while, like Cetewayo, he fled for 

 refuge to the Reserve. Usibepu appealed to 

 England to restore him to his dominions. Sir 

 Henry Bulwer was in favor of establishing a 

 protectorate over Zululand. Lord Derby de- 

 fined the policy of the Government to be that 

 of maintaining the Reserve as a refuge for all 

 parties, while interfering in no way with the 

 rest of Zululand. The intervention of the 

 Boers and their acquisition of the long-covet- 

 ed winter grazing-farms in Zululand, was not 

 considered to be a violation of the convention 

 like their similar encroachments on the west- 

 ern border. A force of about 3,000 British 

 troops, under Gen. Sir Leicester Smyth, was 

 stationed in the Reserve. Many of the Usutu 

 party who were settled in the Reserve, which 

 is the most fertile part of Zululand, now aban- 

 doned their farms to join the fortunes of the 

 National party. Usibepu was assigned land 

 near the Natal boundary at Inkandhla. In 

 western Zululand and in Usibepu's territory, 

 about 2, TOO, 000 acres were assigned to the 

 Boer volunteers. In August, after the land 

 settlement (which was contested by Umnya- 

 mana and William Grant, Cetewayo's adviser) 

 was made, a Boer Republic in Zululaud was 

 definitively established. Gen. Piet Joubert, 



