254 



DENMAEK. 



DOGS. 



considerable in recent years: in 1880, 6,667; 

 in 1881, 7,985; in 1882, 11,614. 



The dependencies of Denmark are the Faroe 

 Isles, of which the seventeen habitable ones 

 have an area of 512 square miles, and a popu- 

 lation returned in 1880 as 11,221 ; Iceland, 

 with an area of 40,300 square miles, of which 

 16,100 are habitable, and a population of 72,- 

 445 ; Greenland, with a habitable area of 33,- 

 800 square miles and 9,757 inhabitants; and 

 the Danish Antilles, of which Santa Cruz has 

 an area of 82 square miles, St. Thomas of 33 

 square miles, and St. John of 20 square miles, 

 the population of the three numbering 33,763. 



Army and Navy. The total war strength of 

 the army in 1883 was 50,522 officers and men, 

 Military service is universal and obligatory, 

 beginning at the age of twenty-two, and lasting 

 sixteen years, eight in the line or first ban, and 

 eight in the reserve or second ban. Only a few 

 months of drill and participation in the manoeu- 

 vres are actually required. With the colors 

 is kept simply a force necessary for garrison 

 duty. 



The steam navy numbered 2 ironclad frigates, 

 3 floating batteries, 3 casemated vessels, 2 tor- 

 pedo-vessels, and 35 gunboats, torpedo-boats, 

 and unarrnored vessels. 



Commerce and Navigation. The imports in 1882 

 amounted to 253,100,000 crowns, the exports 

 to 188,000,000 crowns (1 crown=26'8 cents). 

 Articles of food were imported to the value of 

 86,200,000 crowns and exported to the value 

 of 137,200,000 ; the imports of raw materials 

 amounted to 80,800,000, the exports to 26,800,- 

 000 crowns ; the imports of manufactured arti- 

 cles to 63,400,000, the exports to 11,900,000 

 crowns ; the imports of machinery, implements, 

 and other means of production to 22,700,000, 

 the exports to 12,100,000 crowns. Of the to- 

 tal imports 97,461,000 crowns came from Ger- 

 many, 58,607,000 from England, 31,823,000 

 from Sweden, and 11,917,000 from the United 

 States. Of the total exports the value exported 

 to England was 73,367,000 crowns; to Ger- 

 many, 60,061,000; to Sweden, 26,663,000; to 

 Norway, 12,184,000; to the United States, 3,- 

 650,000. The cargo-tonnage of long-voyage 

 vessels entered in 1882 was 1,532,056, the steam 

 tonnage included in this figure, 705,554 tons; 

 tonnage cleared, 500,077 ; steam tonnage, 369,- 

 565; coasting tonnage entered,417,466; cleared, 

 412,426. 



The merchant fleet consisted in 1883 of 2,- 

 974 sailing-vessels, of 194.422 tons, exclusive 

 of vessels of 4 tons and under, and 240 steam- 

 ers, of 70,733 tons. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The length of 

 railway in operation in 1884 was 1,769 kilo- 

 metres, of which 1,491 kilometres belonged to 

 the state. 



The number of letters forwarded in 1882 

 was 27,599,000; of postnl-cards, 497,000; of 

 journals, 30,787,000 ; receipts of the post-office, 

 4,083,201 crowns; expenses, 4,584,795. 



The length of the state telegraph lines in 



1882 was 3,653 kilometres, with 10,105 kilo- 

 metres of wire ; the number of dispatches in 

 1882 was 1,216,307, 486,765 internal and 399,- 

 082 international, the rest dispatches of service 

 and in transit. 



Finances. The total receipts of the Treasury 

 in the year ending March 31, 1882, were 53,- 

 193,975 crowns ; expenditures, 49,784,978 

 crowns. Receipts in 1882-'83, 53,624,340 

 crowns ; expenditures, 50,749,749 crowns. The 

 budget for 1884-'85 places the total receipts at 

 53,700,909 crowns, the expenditures at 46,- 

 996,552 crowns. Of the receipts, 769,772 

 crowns are the net profits of the domains, 366,- 

 458 of the forests, and 5,557,303 of the rail- 

 roads and other state assets ; 9,-267,900 the 

 yield of direct taxes, and 33,518,000 that of the 

 indirect taxes. In the budget of expenditures 

 the public debt stands for 9,724,400 crowns, 

 war expenses for 9,240,317, naval expenses for 

 5,769,694, the civil list for 1,225,760, civil pen- 

 sions for 2,623,480, and military pensions for 

 862,572. The internal debt in 1883 amounted 

 to 186,658,576 crowns, the foreign debt to 13,- 

 684,667 crowns, offset by assets valued at 86,- 

 649,062 crowns. The cost of the state rail- 

 roads completed up to March 31, 1883, was 

 135,668,935 crowns. 



DOGS. Dog-shows have been an institution 

 in this country and in England for many years. 

 The bench-shows are generally held in winter 

 or spring, as the animals are in their best health 

 at those seasons, and are often held in connec- 

 tion with shows of poultry, pigeons, and other 

 pets. The popularity of dog-shows has so in- 

 creased that every city of any size now has a 

 show at least once a year. The first dog-show 

 of any account, or of which there is any record, 

 was held in Newcastle, Eng., in 1855. A bench- 

 show of dogs is generally given by a kennel 

 club. In this country the principal bench-show 

 is given by the Westminster Kennel Club. 



The most notable dog-shows have been held 

 at the Crystal Palace, in London, and in Madi- 

 son Square Garden, New York ; in the latter 

 annually for the past six or eight years. The 

 entries in some of the shows have been very 

 numerous, one of the largest lists of the shows 

 at the Garden having over 1,000 names. At 

 the last dog-show at the Crystal Palace there 

 were 1,623 dogs competing. One of them, a St. 

 Bernard, was valued at 10,000, and, strange 

 to say, his only superior in money value was 

 a tiny toy terrier, valued at 20,000. Large 

 sums are given as the totals of premium-lists of- 

 fered at bench-shows, but many of the prizes are 

 given by outsiders, generally for one of two 

 reasons : either to help along a particular breed, 

 or to react as an advertisement of the donor. 

 The bench-show in New York, in May, 1884, 

 was very successful as an exhibition of dogs, 

 but, owing mainly to the bad weather, was not 

 a financial success. The object of dog-shows 

 is not to make money, but to increase the in- 

 terest in dogs, and give a chance for breeders 

 from all parts of the world to compare speci- 



