264 



DOMINION OF CANADA. 



mediate. The coat is short, soft, and glossy over the 

 whole body, but oa the tail it is longer and rougher. 

 A fine tail indicates a bull-cross. The neck is full, 

 stout, and muscular, but without any tendency to 

 dewlap ; which again indicates that the bull-dog cross 

 has been resorted to. The body is very thick and 

 strong, with a wide chest and round ribs; the loin 

 should be very muscular, as well as the quarters, giv- 

 ing a general punchy look, almost peculiar to this dog. 

 The legs should be straight, but fine in bone, and 

 should be well clothed with muscle. As to the feet, 

 they must be small, and in any case narrow. In both 

 strains the toes are well split up ; but in the Wil- 

 loughby the shape of the foot is cat-like, while the 

 Morrison strain has a hare-foot. There should be no 

 white on the toes, and the nails should be dark. The 

 tail must curve so that it lies flat on the side, not ris- 

 ing above the back to such an extent as to show day- 

 light through it. The curl should extend to a little 

 more than one circle. The pug should be from ten 

 to twelve inches high, the smaller the better. A good 

 specimen should be very symmetrical. 



DOMINION OF CANADA. (For statistics of ge- 

 ography and population, see u Annual Cyclo- 

 pedia " for 1883.) The year 1884 was remark- 

 able in Canadian annals in many respects. 

 Many vexed public questions in dispute at the 

 beginning were settled before the end of the 

 year. One, the chief of these, is known as 

 " The boundary case." The cause of dispute 

 was, what constituted the western and north- 

 ern boundaries of the Province of Ontario 

 (formerly Upper Canada). At first the parties 

 to the dispute were the old provinces Upper 

 and Lower Canada on behalf of Upper Can- 

 ada, and the Hudson Bay Company. In 1867 

 the confederation of the British provinces 

 Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick 

 was effected, the name of the union being " The 

 Dominion of Canada." Thenceforward, until 

 1871, Canada, on behalf of Ontario, maintained 

 the claims formerly set up by the Canadas ; but, 

 owing to the acquisition by Canada in 1870 of 

 all the Hudson Bay Company's territories, she, 

 the former opponent of the company's claims, 

 became the warm supporter, leaving Ontario to 

 battle with the Federal authorities. The bound- 

 aries set up by the various^ parties to the dis- 

 pute are, as to the western: 1. The meridian 

 passing through the northeastern angle of the 

 junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. 

 This line crosses Lake Superior several miles 

 east of the mouth of Pigeon river. It is 89 9' 

 27-16" W. from Greenwich. 2. The meridian 

 passing through the extreme source of the Mis- 

 sissippi river. This line, taking Lake Itasca, 

 or Turtle Lake, as the source, passes through 

 the western shore of Lake of the Woods. 3. 

 The meridian passing through the northwest- 

 ern angle of the Lake of the Woods. This is 

 nearly identical with the line through the source 

 of the Mississippi. 4. The height of land be- 

 tween Lake Superior and Lake of the Woods. 

 Tli is would limit Ontario's territory to a point 

 within a few miles of Lake Superior i. e., to 

 the source of Pigeon river. 5. The White Earth 

 river^a tributary of the Missouri in Montana. 

 This is the first water of the Mississippi that 

 crosses the international boundary. 6. The 

 Rocky Mountains. 



Concerning the northern boundaries only 

 two claims were maintained with any degree of 

 persistence: 1. The height of land separating 

 the waters of Hudson Bay from those of Lake 

 Superior. This would have been a very irreg- 

 ular line, extending in some places close to 

 Lake Superior, and in others far north toward 

 Albany river. 2. The Albany river. This, the 

 most natural line, begins near the head of James 

 Bay, and runs nearly west for several hundred 

 miles to the source of the river in Lake Joseph. 

 There were other claims, such as to the mouth 

 of the Nelson river, to the Saskatchewan, and 

 to Lake Athabasca, but they were of no im- 

 portance. 



The Hudson Bay Company in its time main- 

 tained the height of land to be both the north- 

 ern and the western boundary of Upper Cana- 

 da (Ontario) ; and Canada, since 1871, has taken 

 a similar stand concerning the northern limits 

 of the province. The royal charter granted in 

 1670 by Charles II is made the basis of these 

 claims. This charter granted to ' ; the Govern- 

 or and Company of Adventurers of England 

 trading into Hudson's Bay," " the sole trade and 

 commerce of all these seas, straits, bays, rivers, 

 lakes, creeks, and sounds, in whatsoever latitude 

 they shall be, that lie within the entrance of 

 the straits commonly called Hudson's Straits, 

 together with all the lands and territories upon 

 the countries, coasts, and confines of the seas, 

 bays, lakes, rivers, creeks, and sounds afore- 

 said that are not already actually possessed by 

 or granted to any of our subjects, or possessed 

 by the subjects of any other Christian prince 

 or state," etc. 



Since 1871 Canada has maintained the west- 

 ern boundary of Ontario to be the meridian 

 passing through " the extreme point of land 

 marking the junction of the north and east 

 banks respectively of the Ohio and Mississippi 

 rivers." This claim, advanced by Canada after 

 obtaining control of the Hudson Bay Com- 

 pany's lands, is based on a clause in the " Que- 

 bec Act " of 1774. This act, it may be remem- 

 bered, conceded to the Roman Catholics in 

 Canada all the privileges then enjoyed by their 

 fellows in France, and was passed more to pre- 

 vent a union with the colonies to the south in 

 their struggles against British oppression than 

 to do justice to the settlers in Canada. By 

 that act Britain conciliated about 60,000 French 

 Roman Catholics, and estranged millions of 

 British subjects, residents in the thirteen colo- 

 nies along the Atlantic. The clause referred 

 to enacts: 



That all the territories, islands, and countries in 

 North America, belonging to the Crown of Great 

 Britain, bounded on the south by a line from the Bay 

 of Chaleur, along the highlands which divide the riv- 

 ers that empty themselves into the river St. Lawrence 

 from those which fall into the sea, to a point in 45" of 

 northern latitude, on the eastern bank of the river Con- 

 necticut, keeping the same latitude directly west, 

 through Lake Champlain, until, in the same latitude, it 

 meets the river St. Lawrence ; from thence up the east- 

 ern bank of the said river to Lake Ontario ; thence 

 through the Lake Ontario and the river commonly 



