EGYPT. 



283 



Government declining to join in the interven- 

 tion. The Egyptian army under Arabi Pasha 

 resisted the occupation, and was finally sub- 

 dued in September, 1882. It was then dis- 

 banded, and English officers were intrusted 

 with the tasks of organizing a new military 

 establishment and a gendarmerie, while the 

 Earl of Dufferin, British ambassador at Con- 

 stantinople, was sent to Egypt to work out a 

 scheme for the reform and reorganization of 

 the Government. His plan for a native parlia- 

 mentary government, similar to that aimed at 

 by Arabi, was not put into practice. After the 

 abolition of the dual control by khedivial de- 

 cree in January, 1883, Sir Auckland Oolvin, the 

 English Controller, was appointed financial ad- 

 viser of the Khedive, and upon his retirement E. 

 Vincent Clifford Lloyd was appointed adviser 

 to the Minister of the Interior. A Council of 

 State, consisting of eleven European and eleven 

 Egyptian members, was opened Oct. 30, 1883. 

 Camille Barr&re presented his credentials as 

 French diplomatic agent and consul-general 

 Nov. 22, 1883. The French Government re- 

 fused to admit the legality of the decree abol- 

 ishing the dual control until a provisional agree- 

 ment was arrived at as a basis for a conference 

 of the great powers on Egyptian finances, which 

 met in June, 1884. 



TheEgyptian Cabinet, presided over by Sherif 

 Pasha, unable to agree to the English proposal 

 to evacuate the eastern Soudan and the Equa- 

 torial Provinces, handed in their resignations in 

 the beginning of January, 1884. A new Cabi- 

 net was formed January 8 by Nubar Pasha, 

 composed as follows: President and Minister 

 of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Justice, Nu- 

 bar Pasha; Minister of the Interior and Min- 

 ister of War and the Marine, Abdel Kader 

 Pasha ; Minister of Public Works, Abderrah- 

 man Roushdi Pasha ; Minister of Finance, Mus- 

 tapha Fehmi Pasha; Minister of Public In- 

 struction, Mahmoud Falaki Pasha. 



Area and Population. The area of Egypt after 

 the conquests in the Soudan was estimated at 

 3,000,000 square kilometres, with a population 

 of 16,500,000 people. Egypt proper contained 

 in 1877, according to an official estimate, 5,- 

 517,627 inhabitants, of whom 4,948,512 were 

 resident in the moudiriehs, or provinces, and 

 569, 1 15 in the mohaf zus, or town districts. The 

 total area of Egypt proper is 1,021,354 square 

 kilometres, of which 176,546 are embraced in 

 the mohafzus and 844,808 in the moudiriehs. 

 An enumeration in 1883 made the total pop- 

 ulation 6,798,230, of whom 3,393,918 were 

 males and 3,404,312 females. The foreign colo- 

 nies in 1878 numbered 44,084 males and 24,569 

 females, total, 68,653; divided in respect to 

 nationality as follows: Greeks, 29,569; Ital- 

 ians, 14,524; French, 14,310; English, 3,795; 

 Austrians, 2,480 ; Spaniards, 1,003; Germans, 

 879 ; Persians, 752 ; Russians, 358 ; Americans, 

 139; Belgians, 127 ; Dutch, 119; other nation- 

 alities, 204. The number of births in 1877 was 

 173,529; deaths, 138,668; excess of births, 34,- 



861 ; natural increment from 1844 to 1877, 1,- 

 054,383. The net immigration between 1873 

 and 1877 was 19,241. The population of the 

 chief cities in 1883 was as follows : Cairo, 368,- 

 108 ; Alexandria, 208,775 ; Tanta, 38,725 ; Da- 

 inietta, 34,036; Mansura, 26,784; Zagazig, 19,- 

 046; Rosetta, 16,671 ; Port Said, 16,560; Suez, 

 10,913. The population of the three geographi- 

 cal divisions of Egypt Proper was in 1877, ex- 

 clusive of the town districts, as follows : Lower 

 Egypt, 2,823,995 ; Middle Egypt, 653,115 ; Up- 

 per Egypt, 1,471,398. The whole country is 

 divided into eleven administrative provinces. 

 The town districts comprise the municipalities 

 of Cairo and Alexandria and six governorships. 



The Sondan. The conquered and annexed 

 provinces on the Blue and White Niles, and in 

 Equatorial Africa, were administered as a single 

 district by a governor-general before the gen- 

 eral revolt in those regions, when the authority 

 of the Egyptian Government was supersede'd 

 by the power of the Mahdi. After the rebel- 

 lion of Arabi the Soudan was placed in charge 

 of a special ministry. The conquest of this 

 region was begun sixty years ago by Mehemet 

 Ali, who annexed Kordofan and Sennaar, the 

 banks of the Nile, and the Red Sea littoral. 

 Ismail conquered Darfour and the Equatorial 

 Provinces. The eastern Soudan is a level 

 region surrounded by a rim of mountain-chains. 

 The provinces of Sennaar, Fassogle, and Taka, 

 bordering on the Abyssinian plateau, are ex- 

 ceedingly fertile, being copiously watered and 

 enriched by annual alluvial deposits, like the 

 delta of the Nile. They produce abundant 

 crops of cotton, sesame, pulse, durrah, wheat, 

 and other grains. Their forests harbor the 

 elephant, the rhinoceros, the lion, the leopard, 

 the giraffe, and other large animals. The 

 provinces of Khartoum, Kordofan, and Dar- 

 four have many of the characteristics of a 

 desert climate. Except in the districts of Bara 

 and Abbu Harras in Kordofan and other de- 

 pressed oases or mountain-regions, the vegeta- 

 tion is scanty and the earth clothed with green 

 only during the brief rainy reason. Farther 

 north the precipitation falls away to such a 

 degree that the Soudan is separated from Egypt 

 by as arid and desolate a desert region as can 

 be found in the world. The southern portion 

 of the Soudan, being an inviting country easy 

 of approach and of conquest, contains a mixed 

 and varied population, composed of Shilluk, 

 Nuehr, Dinka, Bongo, and other negro races. 

 In the north the population is a mixture of 

 black and light - colored races, in which the 

 Arab blood predominates. 



Army and Navy. According to the plan of 

 Baker Pasha, who was charged with the reor- 

 ganization of the Egyptian army, the military 

 establishment was to number 10,900 men of 

 all arms, including two regiments of gendarmes 

 of 700 men each. In accordance with the rec- 

 ommendations of Earl Northbrook, the budget 

 for 1885 provides for a reduction of the army 

 to 4,000 men, with 18 English officers, and an 



