FRANCE. 



335 



and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jules Ferry ; 

 Keeper of the Seals, and Minister of Justice 

 and of Worship, Martin Feuillee; Minister of 

 Public Instruction and of Fine Arts, Falli6res; 

 Minister of the Interior, M. Waldeck Rousseau ; 

 Minister of Finance, M. Rouvier; Minister of 

 War, Gen. Campenon ; Minister of Marine and 

 the Colonies, Vice- Admiral Peyron ; Minister 

 of Public Works, M. Raynal ; Minister of Com- 

 merce, Fournier ; Minister of Agriculture, F. J. 

 Meline ; Minister of Posts and "Telegraphs, M. 

 Cochery. 



The President of the Senate is M. Le Royer ; 

 the President of the Chamber of Deputies is 

 Henri Brisson. 



Area and Population. The area of France is 

 528,571 square kilometres. The legal popula- 

 tion in 1881 was 87,672,04871 to the square 

 kilometre. The population present at the time 

 of the census was 37,405,290, of which num- 

 ber 18,656,518 were of the male and 18,748,- 

 772 of the female sex. 



The population was distributed among the 

 various professional groups as follows: Agri- 

 culture, 18,204,'799; industry, 9,324,107; com- 

 merce, 3,843,447; transportation and naviga- 

 tion, 800,741 ; the public service, 552,851 ; the 

 liberal professions, 1,629,768 ; living exclusive- 

 ly from their incomes, 2,148,173; without oc- 

 cupation, 727,588; unknown, 173,816. 



The population was divided as to religion in 

 1872 as follows: Catholics, 35,387,703; Prot- 

 estants, 580,757 (467,531 Calvinists, 80,117 

 Lutherans, and 33,109 of other Protestant de- 

 nominations) ; Israelites, 49,439 ; of other non- 

 Christian faiths, 3,071 ; of no religion or whose 

 religion was not ascertained, 81,951. The 

 Catholics constituted 98 per cent, of the popu- 

 lation, the Protestants 1*6 per cent., the Jews 

 01 per cent., individuals without religion '02 

 per cent. The Protestants formed more than 

 10 per cent, of the population in the depart- 

 ments of Dr6me, Doubs, Deux-S&vres, Ar- 

 deche, Lozere, and Gard. 



The movement of population for the last five 

 years reported was as follows : 



The population of Paris in 1881 was 2,269,- 

 023. The following other cities contained 

 more than 50,000 inhabitants: Lyons, 347,- 

 619; Marseilles, 269,340; Bordeaux, 217.990; 

 Lille, 145,113; Toulouse, 127,196; Nantes, 

 117,556; St. Etienne, 114,962; Rouen, 105,- 

 860; Havre, 105,540; Rheims, 93,683; Rou- 

 baix, 79,706; Nancy, 73,208; Brest, 69,110; 

 Amiens, 67,874; Angers, 65,331; Toulon, 61,- 

 239; Nimes, 61,210; Limoges, 59,338; Rennes, 

 57,430; Nice, 54,953 ; Orleans, 54,400 ; Mont- 

 pellier, 52,673; Tours, 52,209; Dijon, 52,115. 



Commerce. The special commerce of France, 

 which comprises all imports free of duty, and 

 those on which duty has been paid, and all 

 the domestic exports and foreign exports that 

 have paid duties, is distinguished in the official 

 returns from the general commerce which em- 

 braces also the transit-trade. The special im- 

 ports averaged 1,071,100,000 francs, and the 

 exports 1,223,700,000 francs, in the decade 

 1847-'56; the imports 2,200,500,000, and the 

 exports 2,430,100,000 francs, in 1857- 1 66; the 

 imports 3,407,500,000, and the exports 3,306,- 

 400,000 francs, in 1867-76. In 1877 the im- 

 ports were 3,369,800,000, and the exports 3,- 

 436,300,000 francs; in 1878, imports 4,176,- 

 200,000, exports 3,179,700,000 francs; in 1879, 

 imports 4,595,200,000, exports 3,231,300,000 

 francs; in 1880, imports 5,033,200,000, exports 

 3,467,900,000 francs; in 1881, imports 4,946,- 

 400,000, exports 2,612,400,000 francs ; in 1882, 

 imports 4,972,100,000 francs, exports 3,596,- 

 200,000 francs; in 1883, imports 4,994,300,- 

 000, exports 3,524,900,000 francs. 



In 1880, 3,211,100,000 francs of the import 

 and 2,512,300,000 francs of the export trade 

 was with European countries England fur- 

 nishing 663,500,000 francs of the imports and 

 receiving 910,600,000 of the exports; Belgium 

 furnishing 457,400,000 francs of the imports 

 and receiving 465,000,000 francs of the ex- 

 ports ; Italy furnishing 398,300,000 francs of 

 the imports and receiving 181,300,000 francs 

 of the exports; Germany furnishing 438,200,- 

 000 francs of the imports and receiving 362,- 

 900,000 francs of the exports ; Switzerland fur- 

 nishing 115,100,000 francs of the imports and 

 receiving 220,400,000 francs of the exports ; 

 Spain furnishing 343,200,000 francs of the im- 

 ports and receiving 158,700,000 francs of the 

 exports ; and Russia, Austria, and Turkey fur- 

 nishing respectively 314,100,000, 124,100,000, 

 and 133,500,000 francs of the imports. The 

 total import trade with North and South 

 America was 1,116,500,000 francs, 207,400,000 

 corning from the United States, 69,100,000 

 from Brazil, and 67,200,000 from the Argen- 

 tine Republic ; the total exports to America, 

 650,000,000 francs, of which the United States 

 took 332,100,000, the Argentine Republic 84,- 

 600,000, and Brazil 76,200,000 francs. The 

 imports from Asia amounted to 313,500,000 

 francs, from Africa 124,200,000, from other 

 countries 23,400,000 francs; the exports to 

 Asia 17,000,000, to Africa 60,100,000, to other 

 countries 8,900,000. The total value of the 

 imports from foreign countries was 4,788,700,- 

 000 francs, of the exports to foreign countries 

 3,248,000,000 francs. The imports from Al- 

 geria were 126,900,000 francs in value, the ex- 

 ports to Algeria 161,800,000 francs; the im- 

 ports from "all the colonies 244,500,000, the 

 exports to all the colonies 219,600,000 francs. 



The imports of cereals in 1883 were of the 

 value of 500,558,000 francs, of fermented liq- 

 uors, 410,799,000 francs, of colonial goods 260,- 

 641, 000 francs, of tobacco 29,455,000, of fruits, 



