638 PAPER, CARBON OR IMPRESSION. 



PAPUA. 



into two branches ; and the upper and lower 

 discoidal veins, with oblique divisions reuniting 

 at the end, as may be still observed among 

 some of the Blattids of our own epoch. It is 

 also possible to trace the anal vein, which is 

 nearly straight and reaches almost to the end 



FIG. 2. WING OF A FOSSIL BLATTA (Palceo blattina 

 Douvillei), in a piece of Silurian sandstone (natural 

 size). 



of the wing, and the axillary veins, which are 

 parallel to it. The length of the anal nervation 

 and the inferior breadth of the axillary field 

 are remarkable peculiarities, and distinguish 

 this impression from all other wings of Blatti- 

 dce, both living and fossil. The Progonoblat- 



Fio. 3. RESTORATION OF THE FOSSIL WING. 



Una Fritschii (Heer) and the Gerdblattina fas- 

 cigera (Scudder) have a nervation similar to 

 that of our Silurian wing. The name Palceo- 

 J)lattina Dowoillei, after M. Douville, has been 

 given to this fossil species. This fossil, being 

 of the Middle Silurian, is considered superior in 

 antiquity to both the Swedish and the Scottish 

 scorpions, which are of the Upper Silurian age. 

 PAPER, CARBON OR IMPRESSION. The arti- 

 cle known to the trade as impression-paper 

 was first manufactured in England about 1835, 

 and is employed for the duplication of writing 

 or drawings by impressions, which may be in- 

 creased in number by increasing the number 

 of sheets of the impression-paper in the pro- 

 portion of one of these to every two copies, 

 the entire number being completed in one 

 writing. Since 1880 the use of this mode of 

 reduplication has come greatly in vogue, being 

 employed by railroad and other corporations, 

 by news agencies for the preparation of what 

 are known as " manifold " reproductions of tel- 

 egraphic news, and in all cases where rapid 

 and extensive multiplication of copies is de- 

 sired. The process of manufacture is simple 

 in itself, but requires skillful manipulation, and 

 some inventive shrewdness in the combination 

 of the materials employed. A quantity of 



lamp-black being placed in .a vat, sufficient 

 lard-oil is added to it to bring it to the consist- 

 ency of molasses. This mixture is thinly and 

 regularly applied to sheets of tissue-paper, 

 either by means of a brush or with a pad of 

 lamb's-wool. This part of the process requires 

 skill and expertness, as well as a delicate touch. 

 After the paper is thus prepared, the superflu- 

 ous oil is dried out by placing the sheets be- 

 tween newspapers, until there is only sufficient 

 left to hold the lamp-black surface to the pa- 

 per. The preparation is applied either to one 

 or both sides of the sheet. In the latter in- 

 stance there is a double reproduction when it 

 is used in taking impressions. In the United 

 States this manufacture is chiefly carried on in 

 New York, five or six firms only being engaged 

 in it. The cost of manufacture is about two 

 dollars a quire, and the profit is large. Besides 

 the ordinary black impression-paper, colored 

 sheets are produced by using as a base, instead 

 of lamp-black, the various colored chalks or 

 crayons. The colored sheets are much em- 

 ployed in the reproduction of designs in fancy- 

 work, for embroidery, etc. 



PAPUA, or New Guinea, a large island north 

 of Australia. The western half of the island 

 is claimed by Holland, having been ceded hy 

 the chief of Tidore, one of the Molucca islands, 

 who pretended to the sovereignty. The slave- 

 trade and the beche de mer fishery formerly at- 

 tracted Dutch traders. At that period some 

 measure of political jurisdiction was maintained, 

 but for half a century there has been no politi- 

 cal connection and very little commercial in- 

 tercourse with the Dutch. AVhen Germany, 

 France, and Italy began to consider the feasi- 

 bility of planting colonies in the South Sea isl- 

 ands, and turned their attention especially to 

 New Guinea, the Australian colonists urged the 

 British Government to annex the unclaimed 

 half of New Guinea and the other islands of the 

 Papuan Archipelago, on the ground that their 

 settlement by foreign nations would constitute 

 a military danger to Australia. The Australians 

 have hitherto done little in the way of explora- 

 tion in Papua, and their influence has not tend- 

 ed to enlighten; and Powell is the only person 

 from the English colonies that has resided 

 long among the natives and won their friend- 

 ship and confidence, like the Italians D'Albertis 

 and Beccari and the Russian Miklucho Mac-lay. 

 The Australians have traded with the coast 

 tribes, but only from their ships. The barba- 

 rous labor-traffic has been most frequently the 

 object of their visits to Papua, New Britain, 

 New Ireland, and the New Hebrides. 



The trial of McNeil at Brisbane in Novem- 

 ber, 1884, revealed the methods of labor " re- 

 cruiting," which have done more than anything 

 else to arouse and perpetuate the hostility of 

 the Papuans to the white race. McNeil, the 

 first of these brutal labor-agents that has been 

 convicted by a jury, and whose conviction was 

 rendered possible by a recent act of the Queens- 

 land Parliament admitting the testimony of 



