PHOTOGRAPHY, AMATEUR. 



651 



WENDELL PHILLIPS. 



Mr. Phillips's philanthropic labors were widely 

 extended. He warmly advocated woman suf- 

 frage, prohibitory liquor laws, and prison re- 

 forms, and earnestly opposed capital punish- 

 ment. In January, 1875, he made a powerful 

 speech in Faneuil Hall in support of President 

 Grant's Louisiana policy, and in March of the 

 same year, in another speech, he set forth his 

 views on finance. Being an accomplished 

 scholar as well as an eloquent speaker, he was 

 frequently called upon to deliver lectures on 

 popular topics. The more notable of these 

 were on u The Lost Arts " and " Toussaint 

 1'Ouverture," and funeral eulogies on Theodore 

 Parker and John Brown. There is no com- 

 plete edition of his speeches, several of which 

 have been issued as pamphlets and widely cir- 

 culated in the United States and in England. 

 A partial collection was published in Boston 

 (8vo, 1864; 12mo, 1869). Other writings of 

 his are to be found in numerous periodicals 

 and newspapers. 



PHOTOGRAPHY, AMATEUR. Amateur pho- 

 tography properly precedes photography as a 

 profession. Daguerre, the first amateur, was 

 a scene-painter, and many valuable improve- 

 ments in photography have been due to ama- 

 teurs. The reason of this is not far to seek. 

 Photography is yet in its infancy. Possible 

 discoveries lurk on every side. The profes- 



sional photographer, using it as a 

 means of livelihood, follows that 

 which is sure, finding it imprudent 

 to risk time and money in experi- 

 ments that may prove fruitless ; 

 but it is this chance, this uncer- 

 tainty, and this hope, that lure on 

 the amateur. An amateur photog- 

 rapher in this country, the late 

 Joseph Rayner, had over $3,000 

 worth of apparatus ; and this, it is 

 said, is not an unusual amount for 

 an enthusiast of long standing. 

 That which has done most toward 

 the recent revival of amateur pho- 

 tography, and to render it popular, 

 has been what is known as the 

 " dry process," the use of gelatin- 

 ized plates. This, in its present 

 form, is due to Dr. R. L. Maddox, 

 an English amateur, and has been 

 in use only a few years. Previous 

 to this time, sensitive plates pre- 

 pared with collodion emulsion had 

 been much employed ; among oth- 

 ers, by Henry J. Newton, of New 

 York, who in 1879 exhibited twenty 

 instantaneous views made with an 

 emulsion several years old. The 

 history of photography has pre- 

 served the interesting experiments 

 in the use of gelatine, the flow of 

 which is as even as that of collo- 

 dion. Being much cheaper than 

 collodion, plates sensitized by gela- 

 tine were immediately adopted. 

 These at once brought photography within 

 the scope of people that formerly were de- 

 terred, not only by the disagreeable work in- 

 volved, but by the necessity of being some- 

 thing- of a chemist as well. The convenience 

 of the gelatinized plates for the amateur lies in 

 the fact that they are prepared by manufact- 

 urers, and can be bought in compact packages 

 to be used anywhere at any time. After the 

 negative is taken, no fixing is required; the 

 plate may be put away, to be developed at 

 convenience. Many amateurs do not develop 

 their own plates, but send them to the pro- 

 fessional photographer, who also prints them. 

 The experiments now made in the preparation 

 of sensitized paper are also greatly in the in- 

 terest of the amateur. This paper, purchased 

 in rolls, is marked off to the required size and 

 is inserted in the camera. It is adjusted^ by a 

 crank, and the image when taken passes into a 

 corresponding roll on the other side, and is not 

 necessarily removed until the entire roll is used. 

 If desired, the image at another time can be 

 floated on glass, which then becomes the nega- 

 tive. What is known as the " blue print " is 

 much used by amateurs. In this case the paper 

 (ordinary writing-paper will answer) is sponged 

 off with a solution of oxalate of iron and care- 

 fully kept in the dark (between the leaves of a 

 book will answer) until used. This is now sensi- 



