PORTUGAL. 



665 



are elected by the citizens possessing a net 

 income of at least $110. The number of peers 

 ia 150, that of deputies is 173 by the new elect- 

 oral law of 1884. The Cortes assembles at 

 stated periods without the intervention of the 

 sovereign, who has no veto on a law passed 

 again after he has sent it back unsigned. New 

 elections are held every four years. All laws 

 relating to the army and to general taxation 

 must originate in the Chamber of Deputies. 



The reigning King is Luis I, born Oct. 31, 

 1838, the son of Queen Maria II and of Prince 

 Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg. He succeeded his 

 brother, Pedro V, Nov. 11, 1861. 



The Cabinet was constituted Oct. 24, 1883, 

 as follows : President of the Council and Min- 

 ister of War, A. M. de Fontes Perierade Mello ; 

 Minister of the Interior, A. 0. Barjona de 

 Freitas; Minister of Justice, Lopo Yaz de Sam- 

 paio e Mello ; Minister of Finance, Dr. E. R. 

 Hintz Ribeiro; Minister of Marine and the 

 Colonies, M. Pinheiro Chagas; Minister of 

 Foreign Affiairs, J. V. Barbosa du Bocage; 

 Minister of Public Works, Commerce, and In- 

 dustry, A. A. de Aguiar. (For area, popula- 

 tion, etc., see " Annual Cyclopaedia " for 1883.) 



The values imported and exported of the 

 various classes of merchandise in 1882 were 

 as follow, in milreis: 



The movement of shipping in 1882 was as 

 follows: Sail tonnage entered, 774,000 cubic 

 metres, of which 496,000 represent the vessels 

 engaged in long voyages, and 278,000 the coast- 

 traders; total sail tonnage cleared, 829,000 

 cubic metres ; the total steam tonnage entered, 

 2,915,000 cubic metres; the long-voyage ton- 

 nage, 2,517,000 cubic metres ; the steam ton- 

 nage cleared, 3,005,000 cubic metres. 



The merchant navy in 1882 numbered 38 

 steamers of a total capacity of 11,735 cubic 

 metres, and 453 sailing-vessels of a total ca- 

 pacity of 78,354 cubic metres. 



Railroads and Telegraphs. The total length of 

 lines in operation Jan. 1, 1884, was 1,520 kilo- 

 metres; under construction, 483 kilometres. 

 The telegraph system, which belongs to the 

 Government, had a total length of lines in the 

 beginning of 1883 of 4,670 kilometres; length 

 of wires, 11,335 kilometres. The number of 

 paid messages in 1882 was 612,758; the re- 

 ceipts in 1881, 186,028 milreis ; in 1882, 271,- 

 752 milreis. 



The Post-Offlce. The number of ordinary let- 

 ters forwarded in 1882 was 12,606,215 internal 

 and 1,531, 322 international received and 1,560,- 

 693 sent ; the number of newspapers, 9,229,937 

 internal and 874,091 international received and 

 477,450 sent. The receipts of the post-office 

 in 1879-'80 amounted to 495,060 milreis. 



The Army. The army is raised partly by con- 

 scription and partly by enlistment. The effect- 

 ive on Jan. 1, 1884, was 2, 195 officers and 24,450 

 men, besides 455 officers and 8,522 men sta- 

 tioned in the colonies. A decree providing for 

 a reorganization of the army was issued May 

 19, 1884. There are to be 24 regiments of in- 

 fantry, 12 of chasseurs, 10 of cavalry, 3 of 

 mounted artillery, a brigade of mountain artil- 

 lery, a regiment and 4 companies of garrison 

 artillery, and a regiment of engineers. The 

 duration of service will be twelve years three 

 with the colors, five in the first, and four in tho 

 second reserve. The war effective under the new 

 organization is to be raised to 120,000 men. 



The Navy. The navy in 1883 consisted of 30 

 steamers with 103 guns, and 14 sailing-vessels. 

 The only efficient vessels were a ram and two 

 corvettes. A corvette and two gunboats are 

 building. The number of sailors in active serv- 

 ice in 1884 was 3,235. 



Finances. The closed accounts of 1878-'79 

 make the total ordinary receipts 26,792,224 

 milreis, the extraordinary receipts 2,152,260 

 milreis; total receipts of the treasury, 28,944,- 

 484 milreis ; expenditures on the public debt, 

 10,723,928 milreis; on public works, 7,167,885 ; 

 other expenditures, 16,226,887; total expendi- 

 tures, 34,118,700 milreis. 



The budget for 1884-'85 makes the total re- 

 ceipts 31,436,067 milreis, of which 6,280,890 

 come from the land-tax, industrial licenses, and 

 other direct taxes; 16,142,110 from import 

 duties, imposts on tobacco, cereals, wine, the 

 Lisbon octroi, and other indirect taxes ; 3,248,- 

 000 from stamps and registry dues, 1,057,000 

 from additional taxes imposed by the law of 

 April 27, 1882; 3,606,520 from public works, 

 etc. ; and 1,101,547 represent technical entries 

 balanced on the other side of the account. The 

 expenditures are set down as 38,447,706 mil- 

 reis, of which 6,138,000 milreis are extraordi- 

 nary outlay for public works, making the total 

 ordinary expenditures 32,309,706 milreis. The 

 expenditure on account of the public debt is 

 13,093,704 milreis. 



The colonial budgets for 1884-'85 foot up 

 2,759,452 milreis of receipts and 3,162,809 mil- 

 reis of expenditures. 



The public debt on June 30, 1883, amounted 

 to 430,852,310 milreis of new stock and 1,907,- 

 418 of old bonds still outstanding. The new 

 debt consisted of 235,661,808 milreis of inter- 

 nal debt funded at 3 per cent, and the foreign 

 bonds amounting to 43,372,530, or 195,190,- 

 502 milreis. The interest on the public debt in 

 1884-'85 amounts to 13,497,530 milreis. The 

 interest in arrears amounted to the sum of 5,- 

 703,528 milreis, 2,627,833 milreis remaining 



