RUSSIA. 



705 



The total value of merchandise imported 

 from European countries through the ports of 

 the Baltic in 1882 was 190,500,000 rubles, ex- 

 ports 205,040,000 rubles; imports by way of 

 the land frontiers, 268,735,000 rubles, exports 

 180,541,000 rubles; imports by way of the 

 Black Sea ports 58,302,000 rubles, exports 

 196,555,000 rubles ; imports through the ports 

 of the White Sea 826,000 rubles, exports 

 8,537,000 rubles. 



In the commerce with European countries 

 in 1882 the exports of cereals amounted to 

 321,042,000 rubles, imports 5,957 rubles; the 

 imports of spirituous liquors to 16,124,000, the 

 exports to 6,619,000 rubles ; imports of grocer- 

 ies 58,855,000, exports 720,000 rubles; exports 

 of vegetables and fruits, 47,537,000, imports 

 14,137,000 rubles; exports of animals, meat, 

 and provisions 26,656,000 rubles, imports 11,- 

 721,000 rubles; total imports of articles of 

 consumption 112,816,000 rubles, total exports 

 403,164,000 rubles. The imports of fuel 

 amounted to 18,173,000 rubles, exports 70,000 ; 

 imports of mineral products 32,630,000 rubles, 

 exports 3,160,000; imports of raw metals 11,- 

 954,000 rubles, exports 16,624,000; imports of 

 skins, leather, hair, and furs 127,986,000 ru- 

 bles, exports 106,007,000; imports of textile 

 materials 1,629,000 rubles, exports 35,044,000 

 rubles; total imports of raw materials 192,372,- 

 000 rubles, total exports 160,905,000 rubles. 

 The imports of glass and pottery amounted to 

 6,225,000 rubles, exports 300,000 ; the imports 

 of textile manufactures and clothing to 27,- 

 603,000 rubles, exports 3,926,000 ; imports of 

 metal manufactures, machinery, time-pieces, 

 etc., 66,631,000 rubles, exports 1,227,000; im- 

 ports of manufactures of wood 5,950,000 

 rubles, exports 727.000 ; total imports of man- 

 ufactured articles 106,409,000 rubles, totalex- 

 ports 6,180,000 rubles. The imports of drugs, 

 chemicals, and colors were of the value of 54,- 

 421,000 rubles, exports 46,000 ; imports of 

 gums, oils, and fats 28,175,000 rubles, exports 

 6,172,000 ; imports of other articles 24,170,000 

 rubles, exports 14,256,000 ; total miscellaneous 

 imports 106,766,000 rubles, total exports 20,- 

 474,000 rubles. The imports of specie in 1882 

 amounted to 9,149,000 rubles, and the exports 

 TOL. xxiv. 45 A 



to 76,620,000 rubles, making the total import 

 commerce with Europe 527,512,000 rubles, and 

 the export commerce 667,343,000 rubles. Of 

 the imports from Finland in 1882, reported as 

 15,088,000 rubles, 9,673,000 rubles represented 

 manufactured products, 3,505,000 raw and 

 partly manufactured products, and 1,910,000 

 articles of food and consumption; of the ex- 

 ports, amounting to 13,214,000 rubles, 8,234,- 

 000 rubles represented articles of consumption, 

 2,888,000 manufactured objects, and 2,092,000 

 raw materials and partly manufactured prod- 

 ucts. The total merchandise imports from 

 Asia amounted to 32,853,000 rubles, consisting 

 of tea, of the value of 19,188,000 rubles, fruits 

 and legumes, textile materials and manufact- 

 ures, leather and peltry, cereals, etc. The ex- 

 ports to Asia amounted to 13,798,000 rubles, 

 the leading articles being textile manufactures 

 of the value of 3,615,000 rubles, textile mate- 

 rials of the value of 2,196,000 rubles, and ce- 

 reals of the value of 1,565,000 rubles. The 

 imports of the precious metals from Asia were 

 625,000, and the . exports to Asia 3,898,000 

 rubles, making the total import trade 33,478,- 

 000 rubles, and the export trade 17,696,000 

 rubles. 



Petroleum. The naphtha production of Rus- 

 sia increased from half a million poods in 1875 

 (1 pood = 36 pounds) to 25,000,000 poods in 

 1880, 30,000,000 in 1881, 50,000,000 in 1882, and 

 60,000,000 in 1883. The manufacture of pe- 

 troleum increased from 7,858,750 poods in 1880 

 to 11,634,285 in 1881, 12,471,715 in 1882, and 

 14,252,626 in 1883. In the first six months of 

 1884 the production of both the raw and the 

 refined oil in the Baku district was 50 per 

 cent, greater than in the corresponding part of 

 the preceding year. The industry was greatly 

 stimulated by the opening, in 1883, of the 

 Transcaucasian Railroad from Baku to Tiflis, 

 through Batoum and Poti, by means of which 

 petroleum can be exported to western Europe 

 by way of the Black Sea. The exports to Eu- 

 rope increased 300 per cent, in 1883, and in a 

 much greater proportion in 1884. The ship- 

 ments to European countries by way of the 

 Black Sea of illuminating oil during the first 

 eight months of 1884 amounted to 2,173,000 

 poods. Including lubricating oil and other 

 petroleum products, the exports by this route 

 were valued at 3,395,000 rubles. The exports 

 across the Russian land frontiers were only 

 378,000 poods of illuminating oil. From the 

 waste products a fuel is obtained which is 

 cheaper than coal. It is used on the steamers 

 of the Caspian and the Black Sea, and in a 

 large number of factories that have been start- 

 ed on the banks of the Volga. Russian petro- 

 leum has driven American oil out of the Rus- 

 sian market. In 1872 nearly 15,000,000 gallons 

 of American petroleum were exported to Rus- 

 sia. In the first eight months of 1883 the ship- 

 ments were 1,267,512 gallons. In the same 

 part of 1884 they fell off to 103,981 gallons. 

 The exports to Austria declined from 7,893,- 



