RUSSIA. 



707 



2,111,240, of which number 1,034,505 were 

 males and 1,076,735 females. The number 

 who were adherents of the Lutheran confes- 

 sion was 2,069,720, of the Greek Orthodox 

 39,221, of the Roman Catholic 2,299. The 

 number speaking Finnish was in 1880 1,756,- 

 381, Swedish 294,876, Russian 4,195, German 

 1,720, Lapps, etc., 961. Helsingfors, the prin- 

 cipal city, has a population of 45,919 souls. 

 The number of marriages in 1882 was 15,928, 

 of births 78,245, of deaths 49,013 ; excess of 

 births 29,232. 



The total value of imports in 1882 was 167,- 

 100,000 gold marks (the Finnish mark is the 

 equivalent of the franc), of which 71,700,000 

 marks were from Russia, 42,600,000 marks 

 from Germany, 15,900,000 marks from Great 

 Britain, and 13,700,000 marks from Norway 

 and Sweden ; from the United States 2,200,000 

 marks. The total value of the exports was 119,- 

 800,000 marks ; to Russia 54,500,000 marks, to 

 Great Britain 24,400,000 marks, to France 10,- 

 400,000 marks, to Germany 8,300,000 marks, 

 to Sweden and Norway 7,800,000 marks. The 

 tonnage entered at Finnish ports in 1882 was 

 1,579,390 tons, of which 992,695 were under 

 the Finnish flag, 62,624 under the Russian, and 

 524,071 under foreign flags. The tonnage en- 

 tered with cargoes was 724,995, cleared with 

 cargoes, 1,379,080 ; total clearances, 1,589,957 

 tons. The merchant navy consisted, Jan. 1, 

 1883, of 1,368 vessels, of 243,422 tons, using 

 wind-power, and 225 steamers of 11,959 tons. 



The railroad mileage in 1883 was 1,191 kilo- 

 metres, of which all but 33 'kilometres belonged 

 to the state. The number of letters carried in 

 the mails during 1882 was 3,078,202, includ- 

 ing postal-cards; the receipts of the post-office 

 were 896,356 marks ; the expenses, 800,380. 



The budget for 1884 makes the total receipts 

 37,570,211 marks, of which 6,859,700 are de- 

 rived from the property of the state, 7,411,- 

 700 from direct taxes, 17,043,000 from indirect 

 taxes, 1,104,000 from stamps, 2,631,192 from 

 a military reserve fund, and about 2,500,000 

 from other sources. The expenditures are 

 placed at 36,453,043 marks, of which 7,530,- 

 182_are devoted to military affairs, 5,959,550 

 to civil administration, 4,304,739 to education, 

 science, and worship, 4,502,400 to the service 

 of the public debt, 2,789,009 to public works 

 and agriculture, 3,139,000 to railroads, 1,256,- 

 297 to public health, 1,279,317 to prisons, and 

 1,314,955 to dotations and pensions. The pub- 

 lic debt on Jan. 1, 1884, consisted of an inter- 

 nal debt of 8,871,600 contracted to relieve 

 lands of feudal dues, and foreign loans, paying 

 for the most part 4 per cent, interest, amount- 

 ing to the sum of 59,734,034 marks. 



The Army. The effective strength of the field 

 army on the peace footing in 1884 was 19,774 

 officers and 532,764 rank and file, including 

 29,460 non-combatants, with 333 batteries of 

 artillery of 1,318 guns and 74,631 horses. The 

 reserve troops numbered 3,536 officers and 68,- 

 786 soldiers. The army was organized in 768 



battalions of infantry and 54 of riflemen, 330 

 squadrons of cavalry, 303 batteries of artillery 

 with 4 guns each, and 30 of flying artillery 

 with 6 guns each, and 29 troops of engineers. 

 The garrison and local troops in time of peace 

 number 1,625 officers and 59,625 men, the de- 

 pot troops 351 officers and 11,864 men, the 

 troops of instruction 59 officers and 1,132 men, 

 making the total peace effective of the regular 

 army 699,516 officers and men, with 129,736 

 horses. The war effective is reported as 1,- 

 766,248 officers and men, with 222,936 horses 

 and 3,644 pieces of field artillery. The Cos- 

 sack troops have an effective of 51,946 officers 

 and men, with 38,707 horses, in time of peace, 

 and of 145,325 officers and men, with 138,036 

 horses, in time of war. The irregular troops 

 number 5,776 men, with 5,327 horses, on the 

 peace footing, and 6,331 men, with 5,382 horses, 

 on the war footing. The total strength of the 

 Russian army is 757,238 men in time of peace, 

 and 1,917,904 in time of war. The disposable 

 materials not entered in the reports would raise 

 the effective to about 800,000 men in time of 

 peace and 3,000,000 in war time. The number 

 of soldiers under arms on Jan. 1, 1885, exclu- 

 sive of the Cossacks and irregular troops, was 

 reported as 662,449, with 30,889 officers. 



The distribution of the principal part of the 

 standing army among the military districts about 

 the beginning of 1884, having a total strength 

 of 28,074 officers and 836,145 men, was as fol- 

 lows: St. Petersburg 82,470, Finland 43,445, 

 Wilna 104,366, Warsaw 110,287, Kiev 76,684, 

 Odessa 63,433, Kharkov 63,146, Moscow 84,- 

 535, Kazan 39,826, Caucasus 99,854, eastern 

 Siberia 17,058, Turkistan 26,679. 



The NaTy. The Russian fleet in the Baltic 

 consisted in 1883 of 31 ironclads with 335 guns, 

 37 armed steamers with 311 guns, 59 unarmed 

 steamers, 8 sail-ships, and 95 torpedo-boats ; 

 the Black Sea fleet of 7 ironclads with 61 guns, 

 27 armed steamers with 105 guns, 59 other 

 steamers, and 16 torpedo-boats. In the Cas- 

 pian there were 12 steamers with 26 guns and 

 4 unarmed, and in the Lake of Aral 6 steamers 

 with 13 guns. The Siberian fleet comprised 8 

 armed steamers with 42 guns, 13 unarmed 

 steamers, and 6 torpedo-boats. The navy was 

 manned by 3,930 officers and 25,806 sailors. 



Two new armor-plated vessels, the Tchesma 

 and Sinope, were expected to be completed in 

 the spring of 1885. They are built entirely of 

 steel, and lined throughout with water-tight 

 compartments. They are alike in every re- 

 spect. The length is 339J feet, displacement 

 10,181 tons, armament 6 12-inch and 76-inch 

 guns, engines 9,000 indicated horse-power. 



Finances. The financial accounts for 1883 

 state the total receipts as 703,712,000 rubles, 

 27,329,000 more than the estimates. The direct 

 imposts produced 112,970 rubles, the license- 

 taxes 19,704,000, the liquor-tax 251,887,000, 

 the tobacco-tax 14,311,000, the sugar-tax 8,- 

 055,000, customs duties 94,461,000, stamps 15,- 

 513,000, registry dues 9,377,000, passports 3,- 



