ros 



EUSSIA. 



261,000, navigation dues 808,000, head-tax on 

 railroad passengers by express 8,347,000, duty 

 on fire insurance 3,184,000, various imposts 

 2,790,000, mining royalties 719,000, mintage 

 954,000, the post-office 14,551,000, the tele- 

 g'raph service 8,547,000, the state railroads 

 4,171,000, forests 14,574,000, mines 4,906,000, 

 farmed public property 7,420,000, sales of pub- 

 lic property 5,118,000, various receipts from 

 public property 669,000, special funds 12,447,- 

 000, receipts applicable to the service of the 

 railroad debt 16,844,000, repayments 12,367,- 

 000, receipts from the Caucasus 7,239,000, state 

 institutions 2,059,000, sales 2,635,000, fines 

 1,614,000, temporary receipts 2,422,000, inci- 

 dental receipts 19,496,000, the budget d'ordre 

 or formal entries 20,292,000. The total ex- 

 penditures were 711,157,000 rubles, 13,761,000 

 less than the estimates. The public debt con- 

 sumed 200,650,000 rubles, the central adminis- 

 tration 2,211,000, the Holy Synod 10,304,000, 

 the imperial household 11,462,000, foreign af- 

 fairs 4,184,000, the military establishment 204,- 

 360,000, the navy 31,050,000, the financial ad- 

 ministration 101,179,000, domains 20,001,000, 

 the interior 68,131,000, public instruction 18,- 

 149,000, public highways 10,940,000, justice 

 17,297,000, control 2,411,000, the stud 912,000, 

 Transcaucasia 7,916,000. 



The budget for 1884, approved by the Em- 

 peror Dec. 31, 1883, makes the ordinary re- 

 ceipts 709,778,153, the recettes d?ordre 5,954,280 

 rubles, the extraordinary receipts 86,264,979 

 rubles ; total, 801,997,412 rubles. This sum is 

 balanced in the budget of expenditures, in 

 which the ordinary expenditures are stated at 

 718,382,006 rubles, and the extraordinary at 

 74,661,126, and 3,000,000 rubles are allowed 

 for unforeseen requirements, making with the 

 budget d'ordre the same total sum. 



The public debt on Jan. 1, 1882, amounted 

 to 3,051,180,190 rubles, against 3,021,891,366 

 the year before. This sum does not include 

 the railroad construction bonds and other debts 

 to which special revenues are affected, which 

 nmounted at the same date to 630,555,049 

 rubles, against 624,718,749 in 1881. The earli- 

 est loans were contracted in guilders between 

 1798 and 1815. Of these there remained 18,- 

 600,000 guilders outstanding in 1882 and 41,- 

 632,743 rubles of the war debt of 1817, 119,- 

 319,345 rubles borrowed at 5 percent, between 

 1820 and 1855, the consolidated debt of 1859 

 of 153,857,614 rubles, 6,640,000 of the ster- 

 ling loans at 4 per cent, from 1849 to 1860, 

 3,641, 300 of the sterling debt of 1859 at 3 per 

 cent., 15,000,000 borrowed in 1862 at 5 per 

 cent., 61,806,000 guilders and 4,167,100 of 

 the 5 per cent. Anglo-Dutch loans of 1864 and 

 1866, and 183,790,000 rubles of the internal 

 loans of the same dates, and 789,386,200 rubles 

 and 14,353,480 of the war debt of 1877-'79, 

 also paying 5 per cent, interest, besides various 

 smaller debts. Since the Turkish War the pub- 

 lic debt has been increased by 216,000,000 

 rubles of treasury warrants and 350,000,000 



rubles borrowed from th Bask of Jftussla un- 

 paid Jan. 1, 1882, besides the paper currency, 

 of which there were 716,515,125 rubles in cir* 

 culation, protected to the extent of 171,472,495 

 rubles by a reserve. The original sum bor- 

 rowed from the state bank was 500,000,000 

 rubles, repayable at the rate of 50,000,000 rubles 

 a year, commencing with 1881. In 1883 the 

 floating debt was increased by the issue of 

 treasury notes to the amount of 24,000,000 

 rubles. In November of that year the Gov- 

 ernment entered the money market again and- 

 placed a gold loan of 50,000,000 rubles paying 

 6 per cent, interest. The debts of the king- 

 dom of Poland, assumed by Kussia and in- 

 cluded in the public debt, amounted to 66,- 

 894,969 rubles. The railroad debts bear interest 

 at 4, 4, and 5 per cent., the loans for the in- 

 demnity of proprietors for peasants 1 lands and 

 the liquidation of the old institutions of credit 

 at 5 per cent. The expenditures for interest 

 and amortization provided for in the budget of 

 1883 are 46,789,416 rubles on account of the 

 foreign debts, 99,889,557 rubles on account of 

 the domestic debts, and 52,401,184 rubles on 

 account of the railroad debts. 



A new gold loan of 15,000,000, bearing in- 

 terest at 5 per cent., was put on the market at 

 Berlin and Amsterdam in April and eagerly 

 taken at the emission price of 90J. In August, 

 1883, new emissions of paper rubles had in- 

 creased the amount in circulation to 954,000,- 



000. Warned by the fall of the exchange price, 

 the administration determined to seek other 

 means of covering deficits, and by a gradual re- 

 tirement of the paper currency improve its 

 value in the foreign money markets. On Aug. 



1, 1884, the amount in circulation had been re- 

 duced to 898,000,000 rubles. 



The Censorship of the Press. The suppression 

 of newspapers was pursued with relentless 

 rigor in 1884, until not a single organ of inde- 

 pendent opinion, not a journal representing 

 the Liberal party, except a few insignificant 

 sheets of dubious principles, continued to be 

 published. In June the " Annals of the Coun- 

 try," a leading review, was confiscated. The 

 " Dielo," another Liberal review, and the " No- 

 vosti," the only remaining daily paper in St. 

 Petersburg, were threatened with the same 

 fate. Literary men and journalists all over the 

 country were arrested and fined. While the 

 rest of the empire remained under the press 

 law of Nicholas, in St. Petersburg and Moscow 

 a newspaper could not be arbitrarily sup- 

 pressed "according to the press law of 1865, but 

 was subject to the correctional censure, and 

 by administrative order its sale on the street 

 could be forbidden; it could be prohibited 

 from printing advertisements, or it could be 

 suspended for six months. The definitive sup- 

 pression of a journal or a book in those cities 

 could only be pronounced by a judicial decis- 

 ion according to the press law of 1865 ; yet, 

 in 1872, this was amended in such mannei 

 as to transfer to the Council of Ministers the 



