68 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



operatives; and 185,405 as merchants, with 

 124,668 employe's. In Hungary the farm-own- 

 ing agricultural class numbered 1,451,707, the 

 tenant farmers 23,393, the laborers 1,373,768 ; 

 the mining proprietors 173, employing 25,- 

 732 miners; the manufacturers 380,786, with 

 385,630 workers; the traders 97,300, with 79,- 

 995 assistants. 



Commerce and Industry. The Austro-Hunga- 

 rian customs union, which expires in 1886, in- 

 cludes since 1880 all the lands of the empire 

 and the occupied provinces of Turkey, but not 

 the cities of Trieste and Fiurue, which are left 

 free ports. The total value of merchandise im- 

 ports in 1882 was 654,173,740 florins (1 florin 

 = 45-3 cents), the total value of exports 78,- 

 189,277 florins, the former having increased 

 from 52.100,000 and the latter from 65,470,- 

 251 florins in 1878. 



The total exports in 1883 were valued at 

 749,920,510 florins, of which 457,410,860 flor- 

 ins were shipped by land across the German 

 frontier, 56,160,410 florins across the Italian, 

 48,757,060 across the Roumanian, 28,318,910 

 across the Russian, 17,229,920 across the Ser- 

 vian, 5,992,790 across the Swiss, 262,280 across 

 the Turkish, and 8,440 across the Montenegrin 

 frontiers ; 97,424,420 florins by sea through 

 Trieste, and 38,355,380 through Fiume and 

 other ports. The values of the chief exports 

 in 1883 were as follow : 



Articles. Florins. 



Cereals 120,778,700 



Textiles and textile materials 1 1 1,033,700 



Animals and animal produce 97,038,030 



Fuel 77,959.020 



Sugar 70,173,951) 



Hardware 41,776,120 



Glass and crockery 27,973,020 



Wines and liquor 26,205,040 



Fruits, plants, and roots 23,879,940 



Leather and leather manufactures 21,212,410 



Wood manufactures 17,609,620 



Iron and iron manufactures 11,757,990 



The value of the specie export of 1883 was 

 4,154,080 florins. 



The special trade of Hungary in 1883 was 

 divided as follows : Imports from Austria, 1 86,- 

 000,000 florins, in round numbers; from other 

 countries, 64,000,000 florins ; exports to Aus- 

 tria, 220,000,000 florins; to other countries, 

 135,440,000 florins. Of the imports 85 per 

 cent, consisted of textiles, 7 '69 per cent, of 

 cattle, etc., 5'96 of iron and manufactures 

 thereof, and the remainder of grain and rice, 

 machinery, and leather goods. Of the exports 

 39*66 per cent, consisted of grain and flour, 

 12-67 of animals, 6-63 per cent, of wine and 

 spirits, and 5-31 per cent, of wool and woolens. 

 The general commerce of 1884 amounted to 

 484,439,887 florins of imports, and 393,694,- 

 494 florins of exports, showing a decline in 

 the latter of nearly forty millions, chiefly in 

 the classes of cereals, vegetables, and wine. 



The value of the mining products of Austria 

 in 1882 was returned as 69,835,480 florins ' 

 the largest product being coal and lignite, the 

 next in value salt, and next silver, iron, and 

 lead ores. The furnace products, not included 



in the above, were valued at 28,908,070 florins. 

 The total value of manufactured products in 

 Austria is estimated for 1880 at more than 

 1,000,000,000 florins. The product of mines 

 and reducing works in Hungary is valued for 

 1882 at 19,918,460 florins, not including salt, 

 of the value of 12,599,110 florins. 



Heavy duties were laid on petroleum for the 

 benefit of the Galician oil-wells and the en- 

 couragement of refining. The oil-springs have 

 not heretofore proved productive, but large 

 refineries, using Russian crude oil, were estab- 

 lished at Trieste, and the import of American 

 oil rapidly declined. In the first half of 1885 

 more than half of the imports of petroleum 

 came from the Caucasus. The borings at Ko- 

 lomea, in Galicia, in progress for several years, 

 finally opened up in 1885 a number of wells 

 with an abundant flow of petroleum. 



Agriculture. No less than 94 per cent, of the 

 total area of Austria-Hungary is productive. 

 The area under cultivation in Austria is 46,- 

 108,070 acres, woods 23,280,412 acres, meadow 

 and pasture 11,310,533 acres. The acreage 

 and produce of the principal crops in 1883 

 were as follow: 



The valuation of landed property in 1880 

 was 7,721,349,000 florins; the value of the 

 annual production was estimated at 1,756,442,- 

 430 florins. The number of horses in 1880 

 was 1,463.280, cattle 8,584,077, sheep 3,841,- 

 340, swine 2,721,541, goats 1,006,675. 



The productive area in Hungary is 76,500,- 

 000 acres, of which 21,500,000 were cultivated, 

 22,514,450 under forest, and the rest under 

 grass and pasture. The agricultural returns 

 for 1883 are as follow : 



The animal census of 1880 gives the number 

 of horses as 1,819,508, cattle 4,597,543, sheep 

 9,252,123, goats 236,352. The Hungarian 

 wheat-crop in 1885 was 17 per cent, better 

 than the average, and with a smaller acreage 

 the product was greater than that of 1884. 



Railroads. The state lines of Austria in the 

 beginning of 1884 had a total length of 655 

 miles, private lines leased to the state 1,352 

 miles, and private lines worked by companies 

 5,628 miles, total 7,635 miles; state lines in 

 Hungary 1,983 miles, private lines worked by 

 the state 139 miles, by companies 3,063 miles, 

 total 5,185 miles; total receipts in 1883, 243,- 



