FRANCE. 



381 



globe. The anti-German agitation was kept 

 up by a Patriotic League, of which M. Derou- 

 lede was the head. This body selected for one 

 of its officers, against his own wish or knowl- 

 edge, M. Rothan, a distinguished French diplo- 

 matist and historian of the events leading to 

 the war of 1870, who resided in Alsace. The 

 Strasburg authorities, for that reason, expelled 

 him from the province in August. On Sept. 

 20 the Paris Anarchists made a riotous demon- 

 stration in the Bourse, taking possession of the 

 building, and making speeches from the plat- 

 form. 



Olivier Pain. The statement made by a for- 

 mer interpreter of the English intelligence de- 

 partment in the Soudan, that Olivier Pain, the 

 French journalist and ex-Communard, who 

 visited the Mahdi, was captured and shot by 

 the English, created so much excitement in 

 Paris, that the French Government instituted 

 an inquiry and requested the English Govern- 

 ment to investigate the facts. The account of 

 the interpreter Selikovitch turned out to be 

 false. Pain is said to have been sent to El- 

 Obeid by the Mahdi, who refused his proffer 

 of advice, and to have died on the way. The 

 English officer in command at Dongola set a 

 price on his head, in the hope of getting pos- 

 session of important documents. 



American Artists. The Parisian press in 1885 

 demanded the exclusion of Americans from 

 the French schools of art, in retaliation for the 

 action of Congress in retaining the duties on 

 foreign works of art, with the exemption of 

 productions of American artists. 



Algeria. The settled districts of Algeria have 

 been administered by a civil government since 

 1871, while the territory of the Sahara and 

 the adjoining districts remain under military 

 rule. The Governor-General is M. Louis Tir- 

 man, appointed in 1881. In 1884 the revenue 

 from the colony was 32,144,285 francs. The 

 expenditures always exceed the taxes collected 

 in the colony. In the budget for 1885, they 

 are set down at 43,871,161 francs. The French 

 troops in Algeria are formed in one army 

 corps, numbering in 1885 57,956 men. The 

 area of the colony is 318,334 square kilome- 

 tres, or 122,876 square miles, with a popula- 

 tion in 1881, exclusive of nomads, of 3,310,412 

 souls, of which number 2,822,947 lived in the 

 civil territory, and 487,465 in the military dis- 

 tricts. The number of French settlers was 

 ' 233,937. The net immigration in 1880 was 

 17,740. There were in 1881 2,850,866 French 

 Mussulman citizens, 114,320 Spaniards, 35,665 

 naturalized Jews, 15,402 Maltese, 4,201 Ger- 

 * mans, and 22,328 other foreigners. The num- 

 1 ber of persons engaged in agriculture was 

 2,328,636. The product of wheat in 1882 was 

 < 11,190,000 cwt. ; of barley, 15,800,000 cwt. ; of 

 \ olive-oil, 574,000 gallons ; of tobacco, 9,490,000 

 pounds. The special exports in 1883 were 

 valued at 167,994,420 francs, of which 97,581,- 

 975 francs went to France ; the special imports 

 at 238,198,967 francs, of which 154,478,410 



francs came from France. The railways in 



1884 had a total length of 993 miles, the tele- 

 graphs in 1882 of 3,645 miles. 



Colonies. France in recent years has extend- 

 ed her protectorate over new countries in Asia 

 and Africa. The area and population of her 

 dependencies, exclusive of the colony of Alge- 

 ria, that were acquired before 1881, are as fol- 

 low : In Asia possessions in India, area 508 

 square kilometres, population 271,568 ; French 

 Cochin-China, area 71,460 square kilometres, 

 population 1,598,517; Tonquin, a protectorate, 

 area 165,200 square kilometres, population 

 about 15,000,000; Cambodia, a protectorate, 

 area 83,861 square kilometres, population 

 1,594,497. In Africa Tunis, a protectorate, 

 area 118,000 square kilometres, population 

 about 2,000,000; Senegambia, area 250,- 

 000 square kilometres, population 191,608 ; 

 Gaboon and the Gold Coast, area 20,000 square 

 kilometres, population 186,133 ; Reunion, area 

 1,979 square kilometres, population 172,048; 

 Mayotte, area 366 square kilometres, popula- 

 tion 10,800 ; Nossi-Be and Ste. Marie de Mada- 

 gascar, area 293 square kilometres, population 

 of the former 9,009, of the latter 7,179 ; Obock, 

 area 495 square kilometres. In America 

 Cayenne, or Guiana, area 121,413 square kilo- 

 metres, population 27,335; Martinique, area 

 987 square kilometres, population 167,181 ; 

 Guadeloupe and dependencies, area 1,869 square 

 kilometres, population 200,771 ; St. Pierre and 

 Miquelon, area 235 square kilometres, popula- 

 tion 5,534. In Oceania New Caledonia and 

 dependencies, area 19,823 square kilometres, 

 population 68,584; Marquesas Islands, area 

 1,274 square kilometres, population 5,776 ; 

 Tahiti and Moorea, area 1,179 square kilome- 

 tres, population 10,808 ; Touboua'i and Raiva- 

 vai, area 209 square kilometres, population 

 693; Puamotu, Gambier, and Rapa Islands, 

 area 1,000 square kilometres, population 7,970; 

 Clipperton Island, area 5 square kilometres. 



In 1882 France began a series of military 

 operations to compel the Hova Government to 

 acknowledge her protectorate over the north- 

 ern part of Madagascar (see MADAGASCAR). In 

 virtue of recent treaties her protectorate is ex- 

 tended over the whole of the kingdom of An- 

 nam (see ANNAM). A convention concluded 

 with the Congo Association in 1885 confirms 

 the French protectorate over an enormous 

 tract on the Ogowe and the middle Congo (see 

 CONGO, FEEE STATE OF THE.) In 1882 and 

 1883 the protectorate in Senegambia was ex- 

 tended to Segou, on the Niger. In 1884 Grand 

 Bassam, area 30 square miles, Assinie, and 

 Porto Novo, or Cootenos, area 5 square miles, 

 on the Gold Coast, were reoccupied. All the 

 French colonies as well as Algeria are repre- 

 sented in the Chamber of Deputies and the 

 Senate, and form politically a part of France. 



The colonies of Martinique, Guadeloupe, and 

 Reunion have established preferential duties 

 an French products. Cochin-China also in 



1885 exempted French goods from 75 per cent. 



