FRIENDS. 



FUEL, GASEOUS. 



383 



; tended for the present Crown Prince, but, on 

 account of the ill health of the latter at the 

 time, was given to his cousin. The princess 

 was a lady of agreeable disposition and refined 

 tastes, admired and respected on every hand ; 

 yet she had little in common with the rough 



; soldier to whom she was wedded, and showed 

 no warmth of affection for her husband, who 

 treated her with still greater indifference. 

 "When, after the birth of three daughters, the 

 Prince's hopes were finally satisfied in 1865 by 

 the birth of a male heir, Prince Friedrich Leo- 

 pold, he paid so little regard to the claims of 



' his family that his wife called him to account 

 for his infidelities and threatened divorce pro- 

 ceedings. The Emperor interceded and ar- 

 ranged terms of separation, which satisfied 

 the pride of the aggrieved spouse. Friedrich 

 Carl, who had been the victim of petty jeal- 

 ousies at court, cared little for the disgrace 

 that followed the scandal. His later years 

 were spent in hunting and farming at Glien- 

 ecke. His eldest daughter, the widow of 

 Prince Henry of the Netherlands, is married 

 to Prince Albert of Saxe-Altenburg; the sec- 

 ond daughter, to the Crown Prince of Olden- 

 burg ; the third, to the Duke of Connaught. 



FRIENDS. The question whether the out- 

 ward observance of what are known as the 



i " ordinances of the Church," such as baptism 

 and the celebration of the Lord's Supper, should 

 be tolerated, has been under discussion for sev- 

 eral years in many of the yearly meetings of 

 the Society of Friends. These ordinances have 



. been held by the society to be entirely of spir- 

 itual import, and to be received spiritually, and 

 not visibly or externally. It has been claimed 

 in the discussion of the question, on the one 

 side, that the society has steadily protested 

 against the use of the symbols ; and, on the 

 other side, that concessions have been made by 

 men held in respect by the society ; that those 

 who use the symbols are not without scriptural 

 warrant, and that the symbols themselves are 

 not inconsistent with the spirituality of the 

 gospel. In the New York, Indiana, and West- 

 ern yearly meetings, action has been taken 

 against the outward observance of the rites 

 of baptism and the Lord's Supper. The sub- 

 ject was brought before the Ohio yearly meeting 

 in September, 1885, in memorials from several 

 quarterly meetings. It was referred to a large 

 committee, from which a majority report was 

 'presented, reaffirming the views that had al- 

 ways been held by the Friends, and declaring 

 that " we believe that the baptism which ap- 

 pertains to the present dispensation is that of 

 Christ, who baptizes his people with the Holy 

 Ghost, and that the true communion is a spirit- 

 ual partaking of the body and blood of Christ 

 i by faith. Therefore, no one should be received, 

 'acknowledged, or retained in the position of 

 ; minister or elder among us, who continues 

 to participate in or advocate the necessity of 

 ithe outward rite of baptism or the Supper. 

 iMonthly meetings shall be bound by this rule." 



A protest against the action contemplated in 

 this resolution was presented by the minority 

 of the committee, and the resolution itself, 

 when put to the meeting, was rejected by a 

 vote of two to one. Among the points of ob- 

 jection presented by the opponents of the reso- 

 lution during the discussion upon it were that, 

 "for a church to judge any member as an 

 offender, except for some moral offense, or one 

 against the evangelical faith or teachings of 

 the Bible, is to violate the constitutional law 

 of the universal Church of Christ, and to pass 

 an act of secession from it, and to take our 

 place as a schism or conventicle governed by 

 rules of our own making " ; that " the proposed 

 enactment makes an unwarrantable and invid- 

 ious distinction between ' ministers and eld- 

 ers,' and the membership of the Church, who 

 are untouched by it " ; and " that it is, there- 

 fore, not only an invasion upon the sacred rights 

 of the ministers of Christ, but a bold attempt 

 to tamper with ministerial conscience, and fet- 

 ter the Spirit of God." 



FUEL, GASEOUS. Current progress in the util- 

 ization of fuel is mostly in the direction of 

 preparing the material for more intense com- 

 bustion, and for more perfect control after 

 combustion. Both of these results are attained 

 by volatilization converting the crude fuel, 

 whether solid or liquid, to the gaseous condi- 

 tion that it must assume in any case before ac- 

 tive combustion can take place. The distinc- 

 tion between the fuel of the past and the fuel 

 of the future is simply the distinction between 

 crude fuel and prepared or gaseous fuel. Two 

 important materials have but lately been suc- 

 cessfully applied to the purposes of fuel min- 

 eral oil and the hydrogen of water and these 

 are no exception to the broad statement that 

 important progress in fuel is limited to prep- 

 aration by volatilization. Valuable methods 

 have been developed within the past five years 

 for the better utilization of water-hydrogen, 

 oil, and coal ; but all of them converge to the 

 one point, of getting the fuel into the perfectly 

 controllable and directly combustible condi- 

 tion of gas. The importance, in the economy 

 of fuel, of these two properties of gas, es- 

 pecially the latter, is as yet but slightly ap- 

 preciated. Consequently the improved modes 

 of fueling have made little progress with 

 capitalists and the public, or even with engi- 

 neers. 



High-Temperature Fueling. It has been dem- 

 onstrated, by the water-gas process of Strong 

 (see the "Annual Cyclopaedia" for 1883, page 

 375), that the economy of fuel-gas largely ex- 

 ceeds the cost of converting the crude mate- 

 rial, together with the loss involved in the 

 cooling of the product, for storage as a public 

 supply. And yet, while stored gas will per- 

 haps always be a more practicable resource in 

 large communities than the use of private ap- 

 paratus can be generally made, it is certain 

 that not only is the waste in cooling the manu- 

 factured gas avoidable by uniting production 



