412 



GERMANY. 



819; Hanover, 122,843, with Linden 145,227 ; 

 Stuttgart, 117,303; Bremen, 112,453; Dantzic, 

 108,551 ; Strasburg, 104,471. 



Education. Elementary education is compul- 

 sory. Schools are supported from the local 

 taxes. There are abont 57,000 primary schools 

 in Germany, with 120,000 teachers and 7,100,- 

 000 pupils ; 332 normal schools, with 26,281 

 pupils; and 1,100 intermediate, schools, with 

 13,485 teachers and 231,214 pupils. The num- 

 ber of universities is 21, the largest being the 

 one at Berlin, with 264 professors and tutors 

 and 4,154 students; Leipsic coming next, with 

 3,160 students ; and then Munich, with 2,511 ; 

 and Heidelberg, Tubingen, Breslau, Wiirzburg, 

 Bonn, and Gottingen, with over 1,000 each. 



Commerce and Industry. The total value of 

 imports during the calendar year 1883 was 

 $783,233,000, as compared with $753,191,000 

 in 1882, and $711,680,000 in 1881; the total 

 value of exports in 1883 was $793,730,000, as 

 compared with $772,217,000 in 1882, and 

 $723,622,000 in 1881. The imports of live 

 animals in 1883 were valued at $53,001,000, 

 exports $38,455,000; imports of food and other 

 articles of consumption $200,922,000, exports 

 $126,010,000; imports of seeds and plants 

 $25,465,000, exports $7,415,000; imports of 

 manure and waste materials $16,269,000, ex- 

 ports $5,055,000; imports of fuel $10,105,000, 

 exports $18,179,000; imports of raw materials 

 and products of the chemical industry $92,910,- 

 000, exports $64,526 ; imports of materials and 

 manufactures of the pottery and glass indus- 

 tries $10,380,000, exports $28,097,000; im- 

 ports of raw materials and manufactured prod- 

 ucts of the metal industries $32,105,000. ex- 

 ports $102,053,000 ; imports of raw materials 

 and products of the wood and straw indus- 

 tries $30,583,000, exports $24,330,000; im- 

 ports of paper materials and manufactures 

 $3,535,000, exports $18,872,000; imports of 

 leather and fur materials and products $44,- 

 056,000, exports $60,488,000 ; imports of raw 

 materials and manufactures of the textile and 

 felt industries $237,644,000, exports $227,160,- 

 000 ; imports of caoutchouc and wax materials 

 and manufactures $6,265,000, exports $5,367,- 

 000 ; imports of cars, carriages, and furniture 

 $148,000, exports $1,774,000; imports of ma- 

 chines, engines, instruments, and apparatus, 

 $11,893,000, exports $33,842,000 ; imports of 

 fancy goods and ornaments $3,046,000, exports 

 $19,520,000 ; imports of objects of literature 

 and art $5,006,000, exports $12,539,000; ex- 

 ports not declared $48,000 ; total imports, ex- 

 clusive of goods in transit, $783,233,000 ; total 

 domestic exports, $793,730,000. Including 

 goods in transit, the total value of the imports 

 of 1883 was $1,210,545,000, the total weight 

 of merchandise 204,551,933 metric quintals; 

 the total value of the exports, weighing in the 

 aggregate 200,284,491 metric quintals, was 

 $1,211,346,000. 



Of the total import of raw cotton, amount- 

 ing to 1,891,043 quintals, not including goods 



in transit, 542,113 quintals were imported di- 

 rectly from the United States; of 6,371,348 

 quintals of wheat, 373,730 ; of 7,751,899 quintals 

 of rye, 172,251 ; of 1,771,289 quintals of corn, 

 315,062 ; of 303,133 quintals of tobacco, 28,977; 

 of 103,225 quintals of meat, 8,884; of 310,253 

 quintals of lard, 85,688 ; of 3,698,253 quintals of 

 petroleum, 1,296,629. Of 62,747 metric quin- 

 tals of cotton hosiery exported, 26,547 went to 

 the United States; of 124,395 quintals of wine, 

 24,940; of 44,304 quintals of clothing, 4,680; 

 of 175,733 quintals of woolen cloths, 15,703. 



The sugar industry continues depressed, and 

 the effects on agriculture grow more serious. 

 The sugar bounty that has over-stimulated this 

 industry was established to some extent unin- 

 tentionally. The Government estimates draw- 

 backs on the assumption that one part in eleven 

 of the sugar-beet is recovered as sugar, where- 

 as improved methods enable manufacturers to 

 get one ninth of the weight of the beets in 

 sugar. In 1881 there were 338 sugar-mills in 

 operation, and in 1884 the number had in- 

 creased to 390. The price of raw sugar went 

 down from $6.84 per cwt. in 1881 to $4.42 in 



1884. The quantity of beets consumed in 1883 

 was more than 193,000,000 cwt., and in 1884 

 as much as 250,000,000 cwt. were produced. 

 Formerly the factories paid 1*25 marks or more 

 per cwt., but the price sank to 60 pfennigs in 



1885. The quantity of raw sugar produced in 

 1882-'83 was 18,373,630 cwt., against 13,193,- 

 884 in 1881-'82, and 12,230,130 in 1880-'81 ; 

 the quantity exported, 10,396,144 cwt., against 

 6,917,020 in 1881-'82, and 6,245,888 in 1880- 

 '81. The taxes on sugar yielded $33,718,935 

 in 1882-'83. The quantity of tobacco harvest- 

 ed in 1882-'83 was 38,977 tons, valued at $3,- 

 909,864. The consumption of beer in 1882-83 

 was 38,429,000 hectolitres, 85 litres per capita, 

 or 2*6 litres less than the average for eleven 

 years. The number of horses in 1883 was 

 3,522,316, of cattle 15,785,322, of sheep 19,185,- 

 362, of hogs 9,205,791. In 1883 there was a 

 net import of 57,439 horses and 508,680 ,hogs, 

 and a next export of 38,780 oxen and 1.343,297 

 sheep. 



The product of the coal-mines in 1883 was 

 valued at $79,000,000, the product of pig-iron 

 at $45,836,000, of zinc $8,556,000, of lead 

 $5,995,000, of copper $5,817,000, of silver 

 $8,196,000. The value of cast-iron manufact- 

 ured was $26,841,000, of wrought-iron and 

 steel $49,593,000, of ingot-iron and crucible 

 steel $38,553,000. 



Navigation. The total number of vessels en- 

 tered at German ports with cargo in 1882 was 

 43,214, of 7,532,677 tons, including 14,13 

 steamers, of 6,308,118 tons ; the number 

 cleared with cargo, 39,901, of 6,223,622 tons, 

 of which 12,849, of 4,440,545 tons, were steam- 

 ers. Of the total tonnage entered, that em- 

 ployed in the German coasting trade was 1,- 

 048,966 ; in trade with European ports, 4,734,- 

 893 ; with extra-European ports, 1,748,818. 

 The tonnage under foreign flags was 3,906,- 



