GERMANY. 



413 



106 ; the steam tonnage, 2,968,956. Under the 

 British flag, 4,305 vessels, of 2,376,610 tons, 

 were entered. The Danish tonnage was 392,- 

 729; the Norwegian, 381,407; the Swedish, 

 837,576. The tonnage entered from Great 

 Britain was 3,005,608 ; from the United States, 

 1,063,214; from Denmark, 413,477; from Rus- 

 sia, 399,366. 



The German merchant navy numbered 3,712 

 sailing ships, of 849,778 tons, on Jan. 1, 1884. 

 The number on the Baltic coast was 1,428, of 

 827,431 tons; on the coast of the North Sea, 

 2,284, of 567,347 tons. The number of sailors 

 employed was 26,937. The number of steam 

 vessels was 603, of 374,699 tons 107,017 tons 

 on the Baltic, and 267,682 on the North Sea 

 coast ; the crews numbered 12,678 persons. 

 The aggregate tonnage was 1,269,477. 



Railroads. In 1884 there were in Prussia 

 20,481 kilometres of railroads owned or ad- 

 ministered by the state, and 1,765 owned and 

 administered by companies; total, 22,246 kilo- 

 metres, or 13,904 miles. Bavaria had 3,150 

 miles, of which 2,680 miles were the property 

 of the state. Wtirtemberg had 973 miles, all 

 owned by the state except 10 miles. In Saxony 

 there were 1,348 miles; in Baden, 830 miles; 

 in Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg- 

 Strelitz, 300 miles ; in Hesse, 566 miles, of 

 which 140 miles belonged to the state ; in Old- 

 enburg, 203 miles ; in Brunswick, 238 miles ; 

 in Saxe- Weimar, 121 miles ; in Saxe-Meiningen, 

 114 miles; in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 16 miles; 

 in Saxe-Altenburg, 5 miles ; in Schwarzburg- 

 Soudershausen, 18 miles; in Schaumburg-Lip- 

 pe, 15 miles belonging to the state ; Hamburg 

 had 12 miles ; Lilbeck, 25 miles ; Bremen, 65 

 miles ; and in the Reichsland of Alsace-Lor- 

 raine there were 815 miles. 



The Army. Every able-bodied man serves 

 seven years in the army, three in active serv- 

 ice and four in the reserve, and is liable to 

 be called out with the Landwehr for five years 

 longer. Only about 160,000 recruits are actu- 

 ally drafted into the army annually, besides 

 5,000 one-year volunteers and 5,000 for the 

 marine. In 1884 there were 161 regiments of 

 infantry and 20 Jager battalions, making, with 

 the Landwehr depots, a total infantry force of 

 10,279 officers and 294,706 rank and file. The 

 cavalry (93 regiments) numbered 2,358 officers 

 and 64,699 men, with 62,550 horses ; the field- 

 artillery (37 regiments), 1,801 officers and 34,- 

 817 men, with 16,591 horses ; the fortress ar- 

 tillery (14 regiments and 3 battalions), 729 

 officers and 16,349 men ; the engineers (20 bat- 

 talions besides a battalion of railway troops), 

 406 officers and 10,840 men ; the train (18 bat- 

 talions), 200 officers and 4,905 men, with 2,457 

 horses. Including the 2,032 officers of the 

 staff, the special services, and 3,847 surgeons, 

 paymasters, etl., the total peace strength is 

 449,239 officers and men, 81,598 horses, and 

 1,374 guns. The war strength is 35,400 offi- 

 cers, 1,500,000 men, 312,000 horses, and 2,500 

 guns. Each of the 1 7 army corps is prepared 



for immediate and independent mobilization. 

 An army corps consists of two divisions of 

 infantry, each divided into two brigades, and 

 each brigade into two regiments of three bat- 

 talions, with four squadrons of cavalry, four 

 batteries of field-artillery of six guns each, 

 and a battalion of riflemen or of pioneers at- 

 tached to each division ; a cavalry division of 

 four regiments, with two batteries of horse- 

 artillery attached ; and a reserve of artillery, 

 of six field-batteries and a mounted battery, 

 besides a battalion of train and one of pioneers. 

 The battalion of infantry numbers 544 men, 

 divided into four companies, which in war are 

 raised to 250 men each. The Landsturm and 

 one-year volunteers, added to the troops enu- 

 merated above, bring the war strength up to 

 2,650,000 men trained to arms. 



The Navy. The effective navy in 1885 con- 

 sisted of 64 ships with 479 guns, and 70 tor- 

 pedo-boats. The personnel required to man 

 the fleet is 15,850 sailors and marines, besides 

 80 for the torpedo-boats, and 2,000 for garri- 

 soning naval fortifications, for torpedo-mines, 

 etc. The number of line-of- battle ships is 13, 

 7 of them frigates and 6 corvettes. The most 

 powerful are the frigates " Kaiser " and 

 " Deutschland," protected with 10-inch plates 

 and armed with 22-ton Krupp guns, four on 

 each side for broadside firing, and a 10-ton 

 stern -firing gun;- and the u Friedrich der 

 Grosse " and " Preussen," covered with 9 inches 

 of armor, having two revolving turrets, each 

 containing two 22-ton guns, besides smaller 

 guns in the bow and stern. The German navy 

 is particularly strong in coast-defense. The 

 five large corvettes, the last of which, the " Old- 

 enburg," was launched in 1885, are designed 

 for operations in the Baltic. For coast-guards 

 monitors and floating batteries have been aban- 

 doned for a type of ironclad gunboat armed 

 with a single 36-ton gun, of which there are 

 13, besides one monitor, for the defense of the 

 river-mouths and havens of the North Sea. 

 They are supplemented by a still more com- 

 plete and effective torpedo service. The 70 

 torpedo-boats, mostly small and lying low in 

 the water, and capable of making 17 or 18 

 knots, were authorized in 1884. Of cruisers 

 the Government possesses 10 spar-decked cor- 

 vettes, now called cruiser frigates, 10 flush- 

 decked or cruiser corvettes, 5 gunboats of the 

 "Albatross" type, and four other gunboats. 

 There are 8 avisos, making 37 unarmored ves- 

 sels counted as effective. The 9 school-ships 

 provided for in the scheme for the reorganiza- 

 tion of the navy, adopted in 1873 and now 

 completed, are on hand. In the summer of 

 1885 the navy sustained the loss of one of the 

 cruiser corvettes enumerated above, the "Au- 

 gusta," which was lost in the Indian Ocean 

 with all on board, 223 men. 



Finances. The revenue is derived from the 

 share of the Imperial Government in the cus- 

 toms, certain excise duties, the profits of the 

 post-office and telegraphs, and minor sources. 



