442 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. (!NDUSTEY SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION.) 



than in 1884 ; of barley, 2,257,346, 4'1 per cent, 

 more; of oats, 2,940,680, 0'9 per cent, more; 

 of potatoes, 548,731, 2'9 per cent, less ; of hops, 

 71,314, 3 per cent. more. The total acreage of 

 green crops was 3,521,602, as against 3,487,703 

 in 1884. The total productive area in Great 

 Britain was 32,544,000 acres, having been ex- 

 , tended 79,000 acres during the year. In Ire- 

 land 15,219,930 acres were under cultivation, 

 a decrease of 22,907 acres. The grain acreage 

 showed a decrease of 5,500 acres, and green 

 crops of over 3,000. In Ireland the acreage 

 under grain and pulse in 1884 was 1,678,691, a 

 decrease of 79,062 acres; the acreage under 

 potatoes 798,942, a decrease of 7,525 acres ; 

 under flax 89,197, a decrease of 6,746 acres. 

 Of the total area of England 80 per cent, is 

 productive, in Wales 60 per cent., in Scotland 

 28-8 per cent., in Ireland 74 per cent. The 

 number of horses in the United Kingdom in- 

 creased from 1,898,745 in 1883 to 1,904,515 in 

 1884; cattle from 10,097,943 to 10,422,762; 

 sheep from 28,347,560 to 29,376,787; while 

 the number of hogs declined from 3,986,427 to 

 3,906,205, though in previous years there was 

 an increase. In 1885 the number of cattle in 

 Great Britain was 6,597,964, 5'2 per cent, more 

 than in 1884; the number of sheep and lambs 

 26,534,635, an increase of 1-8 per cent.; the 

 number of hogs 2,403,380, showing a further 

 decrease of 7 per cent. The number of horses 

 was 1,408,789, a decrease of nearly 6,000, while 

 in Ireland there were 491,147, an increase of 

 over 10,000. The number of cattle in Ireland 

 was 4,228,751, of sheep 3,477,840, of hogs 

 1,269,122. Poultry decreased in Great Britain 

 and increased in Ireland. 



American cheese, which formerly sold in 

 England only as a cheap food for the poor, is 

 now made so like the finer grades of Cheshire 

 cheese that a heavy fall occurred in the prices 

 of English cheese in 1885. 



Industry. The total value of the mineral ores 

 raised in 1883 was $87,473,765 ; of non-metallic 

 minerals, principally coal, $271,555,283. The 

 coal output was 163,737,327 tons, as compared 

 with 156,499,977 in 1882 ; the quantity of iron- 

 ore produced 17,383,046, as compared with 

 18.031,957 tons. Adding 3,191,073 tons im- 

 ported, and deducting 8,708 tons of exports, 

 The total consumption of iron-ore in 1883 was 

 20,955,411 tons. The exports of coal were 

 22,775,634 tons. The product of pig-iron in 

 1883 was 8,529,300 tons, of which 1,564,048 

 tons were exported, 3,101,775 tons used in 

 wrought-iron manufactures, and 1,724,251 in 

 the manufacture of Bessemer steel. The quan- 

 tity of puddled iron produced was 2,730,504 

 tons, of open-hearth steel 455,500 tons. 



The net importation of raw cotton in 1883 

 was 1,487,104,752 lba.,as against 1,51 9,113,008 

 in 1882 ; of wool, 218,712,695, as against 225,- 

 019,313. The number of textile factories in 

 Great Britain and Ireland at the time of the 

 latest returns was 7,105 ; the number of spin- 

 dles, 53,102,528, of which 43,206,690 were for 



cotton ; the number of power-looms, 725,704 ; 

 the number of persons employed, 975,546, com- 

 prising 374,199 males and 601,347 females. 



Shipping and Navigation. During 1883, 23.- 

 239,544 tons of British and 8,865,536 tons of 

 foreign shipping entered British ports, and 23,- 

 799,535 tons of British and 9,057,138 tons of 

 foreign shipping cleared. Of the total tonnage, 

 British bottoms constituted 72 per cent. The 

 total tonnage entered and cleared with cargoes 

 was 55,683,478, of which 41,747,142 tons were 

 steam- vessels. Of the 32,105,080 tons entered, 

 23.239,544 tons were British, 2,028,493 Norwe- 

 gian, 1,876,898 German, 993,114 French, 742,- 

 470 Danish, 671,646 Swedish, 660,213 Dutch, 

 440,423 Spanish, 434,221 Italian, 293,847 Amer- 

 ican, 290,307 Belgian, 226,874 Russian, 124,338 

 Austrian, 61,805 Greek, 10,723 Portuguese, and 

 10,164 of other nationalities. The tonnage of 

 the United States showed a falling oft' of 76,000 

 tons as compared with 1882, and of nearly 

 500.000 in seven years. The tonnage entered 

 and cleared at the port of London was 11,400,- 

 274, at Liverpool 10,634,842, at Cardiff 6,674,- 

 992, at Newcastle 5,494,969. 



At the close of 1883 the number of vessels 

 registered in the United Kingdom was 24,675, 

 the total tonnage 7,242,216, being 31 fewer 

 ships and 285,351 tons more than in 1882. 

 There were 18,415 sailing-vessels, of 3,513,948 

 tons, and 6,260 steam-vessels, of 3,728,268 tons. 

 In 15 years sailing-vessels had declined 7,382 

 in number and 1,364,285 tons, and steam-ves- 

 sels had increased 3,316 in number and in ton- 

 nage 2,805,971 tons. In 1883 there were 9,998 

 sailing-vessels, of 653,518 tons, employing 33,- 

 498 men, and 1,569 steam-vessels, of 280,190 

 tons, employing 16,673 men, engaged in the 

 home and the coasting trade between the Elbe 

 and Brest; 618 sailing-vessels, of 85,944 tons, 

 employing 3,224 men, and 137 steam-vessels, 

 of 56,294 tons, employing 2,084 men, engaged 

 partly in the coasting and partly in the foreign 

 trade; and 3,543 sailing-vessels, of 2,630,497 

 tons, employing 58.584 men, and 3,047 steam- 

 vessels, of 3,319,619 tons, employing 86,664 

 men, engaged in the foreign trade alone. The 

 total shipping engaged in home and foreign 

 trade comprised 18,912 vessels, the aggregate 

 tonnage being 7,026,062, the number of men 

 employed 200,727, not including vessels belong- 

 ing to the colonies. The total shipping of the 

 British Empire numbered 38,961 vessels, of 

 9,131,418 tons. In the beginning of 1885 the 

 steam tonnage belonging to Great Britain, in- 

 cluding all vessels of 500 tons and over, wr.s 

 6,141,076 ; the sail tonnage, of vessels over 250 

 tons, 3.489,264. There was a net increase dur- 

 ing 1884 of 235 steamers, of 449,516 tons, and 

 a decrease of 165 sailing-vessels, of 27,624 

 tons ; in iron sailing-vessels there was an in- 

 crease of 39 vessels, of 98,093 tons. 



The total amount of tonnage launched in 

 1884 was 761,432 tons, showing a decrease of 

 no less than 495,397 tons as compared with 

 1883. As many as 50,000 workmen who found 



