ILLINOIS. 



INDIA. 



491 



worth Company's mines in Macoupin and Madi- 

 son Counties, lasting over three months, and 

 in its mines in the vicinity of Danville four 

 months. These strikes extended to a few neigh- 

 boring mines, and altogether involved a total 

 idleness of 1,700 men for three months. Up 

 to the beginning of these strikes there had been 

 an increase of the coal product of these mines 

 as compared with the preceding year. The data 

 furnished in the reports show that the total 

 shrinkage in the district covered by these 

 strikes amounted to 317,438 tons, or 8,227 tons 

 more than the entire shortage of the State for 

 the year. In other words, it appears that the 

 coal product of Illinois, instead of being 309,131 

 tons less than last year, would have been at 

 least 8,300 tons more but for this strike. 



While 786 mines were worked more or less 

 during the year, about one third of this num- 

 ber, that is, the 287 mines producing coal for 

 the shipping-trade, yielded 9,125,810 tons, or 93 

 per cent, of the total output, and they furnish 

 employment to 90 per cent, of the miners of 

 the State. These mines were worked a total 

 of 64,610 days, or an average of 225. A table, 

 prepared to determine the working- time of men 

 employed in the manufactures in this State, 

 shows that they obtain an average of 289 days 

 in the year, so that the best -conditioned miners 

 of the State obtain only three fourths as much 

 time as the artisans in the shops. 



Chicago. In November the Supreme Court 

 of the State decided a case that had attracted 

 wide notice, in affirming the conviction of Jo- 

 seph C. Mackin, a prominent Democratic poli- 

 tician of the city, for p,erjury. This decision 

 was promptly followed by his incarceration in 

 the State Prison. After the election in No- 

 vember, 1884, the returns in the Sixth Senato- 

 rial District were altered, and Mackin was con- 

 victed of the crime in the United States court. 

 Pending an appeal to the Federal Supreme 

 Court from this conviction, he was tried in 

 the State court and convicted of perjury com- 

 mitted on examination before the grand jury. 

 It was this last conviction that was affirmed 

 by the Supreme Court of the State. 



The municipal election in the spring resulted 

 in the choice for another term of Mayor Car- 

 ter Harrison (Democrat), on the face of the re- 

 turns, by a small majority. But it was claimed 

 that extensive frauds had produced this result, 

 and his Republican competitor instituted a suit 

 to oust him, which was pending at the close of 

 the year. 



The most important result of the November 

 election was the adoption by the people of the 

 city, by a large majority, of the election law de- 

 scribed above. 



The following is a comparative statement of 

 the amount of revenue derived by the city of 

 Chicago from licenses of all descriptions from 

 1879 to 1885 inclusive: In 1876 the amount 

 was $214,218, while in 1885 it was $1,916,820. 

 The increase is due to the $500 license. Fol- 

 lowing is the number of liquor-shops and the 



revenue derived for the six years: 1879, 2,938, 

 $163,540; 1880, 3,245, $168,740; 1881, 3,603, 

 $182,226; 1882, 3,919, $195,490; 1883, 3,777, 

 $385,864; 1884, 3,184, $1,463,700; 1885,3,075, 

 $1,721,474. 



Armed Processions. During 1876 and 1877 the 

 Communists of Chicago formed what is still 

 known as Der Lehr und Wehr Verein, the 

 members of which were armed with military 

 rifles. They were formed into sections, pro- 

 cured uniforms, and were drilled by Prussian 

 drill-masters. They publicly paraded on one 

 occasion, during the winter of 1876-77, 1,500 

 men fully armed and carrying the red flag. 

 This was apparently intended as an open defi- 

 ance to the State and its organized National 

 Guard. The Legislature then prohibited any 

 body of men other than the organized militia 

 from drilling or parading with guns except by 

 special license of the Governor. The Com- 

 munists threatened an open conflict, and an- 

 nounced that they would parade on a specified 

 day. They were warned by the Governor not 

 to do so, and the State military were notified 

 that the service of the troops might be required. 

 The Anarchists receded, but sent out a small 

 detachment to make a test case in the courts. 

 They obtained a strong decision in their favor 

 by a judge elected largely by their votes< who 

 held that under the clause of the Constitution 

 giving the right to bear arms their rights could 

 not be abridged. The Supreme Court of Illi- 

 nois reversed the decision of the lower court 

 and affirmed the constitutionality of the meas- 

 ure. The case was carried to the Supreme 

 Court of the United States, which, at the open- 

 ing of 1886, affirmed the judgment of the State 

 Supreme Court, declaring that otherwise the 

 State authorities would not have the power 

 to quell a mob or treasonable uprising. The 

 Socialistic companies still exist, but what drill- 

 ing they engage in is usually performed se- 

 cretly. 



INDIA, an empire in Asia subject to Great 

 Britain. In 1858 the British Government as- 

 sumed the government of all the territories of 

 the East India Company. In 1877 the Queen 

 of Great Britain and Ireland took the addi- 

 tional title of Empress of India. The control 

 of Indian affairs is exercised by the Secretary 

 of State for India, who is a member of the 

 British Cabinet. The executive authority is 

 invested in the Governor - General, usually 

 styled Viceroy. The Secretary for India was 

 Lord Randolph Churchill, who succeeded the 

 Earl of Kimberley in June, 1885. The Gov- 

 ernor-General is the Earl of DufFerin, who re- 

 placed the Marquis of Ripon Oct. 28, 1884. 

 The Secretary of State is aided by a Council 

 of fifteen members, whom he appoints for ten 

 years. The majority of the Council must have 

 served in India for ten years, and have resided 

 there within ten years previous to their ap- 

 pointment. 



The Viceroy exercises a political control, 

 varying in degree, over the independent native 



