492 



INDIA. 



states, through residents at the courts of the 

 native princes. The authority of the native 

 chiefs is limited by treaty engagements which 

 forhid them to make war or peace, or to send 

 ambassadors to each other or to foreign courts, 

 or to maintain military forces exceeding cer- 

 tain specified limits. Some do and some do 

 not pay tribute. 



Area and Population. The area of the British 

 territories in India is 874,220 square miles; 

 the total population in 1881 was 198,755,993, 

 comprising 187,937,450 Hindoos, 50,121,585 

 Mohammedans, 6,426,511 pagans, 3,418,875 

 Buddhists, 1,862,634 Christians, and lesser num- 

 bers of Sikhs, Parsees, Jews, and others. Of 

 the Christians 963,059 are returned as Roman 

 Catholics, 304,410 as Syrian Christians, and the 

 rest as Protestants of various sects. The na- 

 tive Christians numbered 893,656. 



There are in India 60 towns with over 50,- 

 000, and 21 with over 100,000 inhabitants. 

 The largest are Calcutta, containing with its 



suburbs 871,504 inhabitants; Bombay, with 

 773,196; Madras, with 405,848; Hyderabad, 

 with 354,692; Lucknow, with 261,303; Be- 

 nares, with 199,700 ; and next in order Delhi, 

 Patna, Bangalore, Amritsar, Cawnpore, La- 

 hore, Allahabad, Jeypoor, and Rangoon. 



Commerce. The values of the imports and ex- 

 ports for the five years, ending March 31, 1885, 

 were as follow : 



IMPOSTS. 



EXPORTS. 



Of the total imports of 1884, including treas- 

 ure, the value of 24,436,450 was imported 

 into Bengal, 3,841,941 into British Burmah, 

 4,780,115 into Madras, and 32,542,987 into 

 Bombay and Sinde. Of the exports 36,213,- 

 352 went from Bengal, 6,576,136 from Brit- 

 ish Burmah, 9,257,924 from Madras, and 

 36,863,980 from Bombay and Sinde. The im- 

 ports of bullion and specie in 1884 comprised 

 5,469,456 in gold and 7,408,506 in silver; 

 the exports, 6,141 in gold and 1,002,352 in 

 silver. The participation of the principal 

 countries in the foreign trade was as follows : 



The values of the principal commodities 

 imported and exported in 1883-'84 were as 

 follow : 



The exports of raw cotton to Great Britain 

 were 3,668,928 cwt., valued at 20,325,630 

 in 1874, and 3,414,546 cwt. in 1875, valued at 

 19,173,275. Prices fell and exports declined 

 to 1,433,104 cwt. in 1878, valued at 3,513,- 

 595. In 1883 the exports were 2,327,546 cwt., 

 valued at 5,231,321. The exports of wheat 

 to Great Britain in 1883 were 11,248,088 cwt.; 

 of seeds, chiefly linseed, 2,006,036 quarters ; of 

 jute, 7,371,956 cwt.; of rice, 7,376,169 cwt.; 

 of tea, 59,252,435 pounds. 



The principal article imported into India 

 from the United States is kerosene, to the 

 amount of $1,990,192 in 1884, gray cottons 

 coming next, of which 694,941 yards, of the 

 value of $51,554, were imported. The largest 

 exports from India to the United States in 

 1884 were indigo, of the value of $2,600,703; 

 raw jute, $2,251,887; linseed, $2,251,562 ; raw 

 hides, $1,024,889 ; raw skins, $965,662; dressed 

 or tanned skins, $775,161 ; gunny-bags, $753,- 

 556 ; and shellac, $406,016. 



The foreign trade of India has greatly ex- 

 panded within the last few years. Among the 

 imports cotton goods increased in value from 

 15 to 21 millions sterling between 1874 and 

 1883, while the native cotton manufacture has 

 doubled. The export trade in wheat grew 

 from less than a million to over six millions ; 

 seeds, from 2J to 7 millions; tea, from If to 3| 

 millions. 



Navigation. The- number of vessels entering 

 the ports of India in 1883-'84 was 5,812, ton- 

 nage 3,632,305, as against 3,538.878 tons in 

 1882-'83; the number that sailed was 5,850, 

 tonnage 3,618,298. Of the tonnage entered, 

 2,806,426 tons belonged to Great Britain, 176,- 

 708 to British India, 83,688 to native states, 

 and 565,483 to foreign countries. 



Posts and Telegraphs. The number of letters 

 forwarded in 1883-'84 was 182,514,520; of 

 journals, 15,848,586; receipts, 1,014,190 ; ex- 

 penses, 1,013,429. 



The length of telegraph lines in 1884 was 

 23,341 miles; of wires, 68,694 miles, not in- 

 cluding 135 miles of cable ; the number of paid 

 dispatches was 1,837,048 ; receipts, 522,570 ; 

 expenses, 669,239. 



Railroads. There were completed, by the 

 close of the financial year 1884-'85, 12,004 miles 

 of railroad, 1,218 miles having been construct- 



