ITALY. 



503 



who left Italy in 1884, 87,558 went to the vari- 

 ous countries of Europe, 3,123 to northern Af- 

 rica, 55,467 to North and South America, and 

 869 to other countries. The emigration to 

 the United States and to European countries 

 showed a large diminution in obedience to a 

 lessened demand for labor, but the emigration 

 to the states of La Plata, which increased from 

 13,345, in 1880, to 26,075 in 1883, rose to 34,- 

 016 in 1884. The number of emigrants whose 

 destination was the United States or Canada 

 was 5,756 in 1880, 11,868 in 1881, 18,669 in 

 1882, 21,337 in 1883, and 10,847 in 1884. The 

 number of Italians living in foreign countries 

 in 1881 was 1,032,392, of whom 380,352 were 

 in Europe and 579,385 in America. The num- 

 ber in the United States was about 170,000 ; in 

 the Argentine Republic, 254,388; in Brazil, 

 82,196; in Uruguay, 40,003; in Peru, Mexico, 

 and other countries, 32,748. 



The cities with a population exceeding 100,- 

 000 in 1881 were as follow: 



The participation of the leading commercial 

 nations in the export and import trade in 1884 

 is shown in the following table, giving the trade 

 with each one, in lire : 



Commerce. The special imports and exports 

 of Italy were for five years in lire as follow, 

 inclusive of precious metals : 



The imports of articles of food and consump- 

 tion in 1884 amounted to 320,300,000 lire, the 

 exports to 320,600,000 francs. The imports of 

 wheat were more than in any year since 1879, 

 amounting to 355,146 tons, or, deducting ex- 

 ports, to 317,193 tons. In 1883, when the to- 

 tal imports amounted to 254,290 tons, Kussia 

 furnished more than half and Turkey nearly 

 a third, India coming next. The exports of 

 wines and liquors in 1884 were valued at 84,- 

 000,000 lire, those of animals and animal prod- 

 ucts, at 109,900,000 lire. The imports of raw- 

 materials in 1884 were 425,600,000 lire in 

 value, against 432,700,000 lire in 1883; the 

 exports, 447,300,000 lire, against 470,900,000. 

 The imports of manufactured articles amounted 

 to 390,200,000 lire, against 372,400,000 ; the 

 exports to 146,500,000 lire, against 177,900,- 

 000; the imports of other articles were valued 

 at 177,900,000, exports at 151,000,000 lire. In 

 the exports of manufactured articles the falling 

 off was in the class of jewelry and art-works. 

 The imports of precious metals amounted to 

 29,800,000, the exports to 31,000,000 lire. 



Navigation. The movement of shipping in 

 Italian ports in 1884 was as follows : Total ton- 

 nage entered, 16,717,679; total with cargoes, 

 13,130,904; steam tonnage, 13,488,190; em- 

 ployed in foreign trade, 5,216,252 tons 1,415,- 

 251 under the Italian and 3,801,001 under for- 

 eign flags; in the coasting trade, 11,501,427 

 tons 8,306,454 Italian and 3,194,973 foreign; 

 total tonnage cleared, 16,666,031 5,228,960 

 tons in the foreign and 11,437,071 in the Medi- 

 terranean trade. 



The mercantile navy in 1884 numbered 7,072 

 sail-vessels, of 848,704 tons, and 215 steamers, 

 of 122,297 tons, 14 steamers having been added 

 during the year and 198 sailing-vessels taken 

 off the register. The number of inscribed sail- 

 ors in 1884 was 189,162. 



Railroads. In the beginning of 1884 the 

 length of railroads in operation was 9,455 kilo- 

 metres. The receipts in 1883 were 206,135,- 

 995 lire ; the total capital expended up to Jan. 

 1, 1884, was 2,852,311,407 lire. 



Finances. The treasury accounts for 1883 

 show a total revenue of 1,563,248,798 lire and 

 an expenditure of 1,563,355,269 lire, leaving a 

 deficit of 106,471 lire. The budget estimates 

 for the year ending June 30, 1886, make f the 

 total ordinary receipts 1,456,173,074 lire, and 

 the expenditures 1,388,753,117 lire, and the ex- 

 traordinary receipts 240,234,848, and expendi- 

 tures 318,559,652 lire ; giving a total revenue 

 of 1,696,407,922 lire, and a total expenditure 

 of 1,707,312,769 lire, thus leaving a deficit of 

 10,904,847 lire. 



The interest on the public debt of all descrip- 

 tions in 1884-'85 amounted to 530,328,687 lire, 

 the sinking-fund charges to 1,517,221 lire. 



The Army. The effective of the permanent 

 army, or army of the first line, on the 1st of 

 January, 1885, was 881,203 men of all ranks; 

 of the mobile militia, or army of the second 

 line, 362,353 men; of the territorial militia, 

 1,156,522 ; total war strength, 2,400,078 men. 

 The infantry in the permanent army numbered 

 250,058 men, exclusive of the 371,959 dis- 

 trict troops ; the Alpine regiments numbered 

 22,430, the bersaglieri 41,410, the cavalry 26,- 

 769, the artillery 84,389, the engineers 19,- 

 803, the carabiniers 21,894 men. The army 

 is divided into 12 corps, each containing 2 ter- 



