LITERATURE. CONTINENTAL, IN 1885. 



547 



down to the time of the Reformation. There 

 have also appeared vols. xxxiv to xxxvi of the 

 4 ' Memoirs " of the Russian Literature Section 

 of the Academy of Sciences ; Prof. Porfirief s 

 ''History of Russian Literature," vol. ii; M. 

 Tchinko's " Studies of Contemporary Russian 

 Poetry " ; " Complete Works and Correspond- 

 dence of Pletnef," containing valuable material 

 for study of Russian literature in the early part 

 of the nineteenth century; and Mine. Shitof's 

 "Reminiscences," which give an interesting 

 account of TourguSnief's mother and his early 

 life and training. Prof. Ilovayski has brought 

 out vol. ii of his " History of Russia," covering 

 the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a work 

 of fair merit for popular use. Prof. Anton o- 

 vitch has published " Monographs on the His- 

 tory of Western and Southern Russia," a work 

 of great accuracy and reliability. The history 

 of the serfs and serfdom has received careful 

 treatment from M. Semefski. Various personal 

 memoirs of prominent men, as Count Tolstoi, 

 Koshelef, Pirogof, and others, have appeared, 

 and are equally interesting and valuable for 

 the uses of history. In social science Mme. 

 Efimenko's " Researches into the Life of the 

 People," and Prof. Loutchisky's " Collection 

 of Materials for a History of Communal Prop- 

 erty in South Russia," are regarded as timely 

 and important. Two statistical works, have 

 been published during the year : one, " The 

 Finances of Russia in the Nineteenth Century," 

 by M. Blioch, four volumes ; the other, by M. 

 Brjesky, which deals with "The Debts of the 

 Russian Government." This latter is particu- 

 larly interesting and instructive, in view of the 

 tremendous pressure of debt, almost to bank- 

 ruptcy, which weighs down the Russian Em- 

 pire and people. In economic science Prof. 

 Ivanioukof has furnished an excellent volume, 

 clear, exact, well written. M. Kablukof has 

 dealt with u The Agricultural Labor Question " 

 very satisfactorily. Prof. Yanjul has published 

 two volumes of " Essays and Studies " on this 

 subject, gathered from various periodicals and 

 worthy of presarvation. In legal science M. 

 Dril's " Infant Criminals " is a remarkable 

 book, and discusses carefully an important 

 topic. Also, Prof. Mouromtzof's pamphlet 

 " What is meant by Legal Dogma? " and Prof. 

 Kavielin's excellent work, " Outlines of the 

 Le^al Relations arising out of the Inheritance 

 of Property," indicate the ability and spirit of 

 the Russian bar. Other subjects, philosophy, 

 military history, travels, etc., have occupied 

 their usual place in Russian literature, in 1885 ; 

 but with this general notice we must here close 

 our record. 



Spain. Internal troubles have weighed heav- 

 ily upon Spain during 1885 earthquakes, chol- 

 era, death of the King, etc. yet literature has 

 not been neglected or unfruitful. About three 

 years ago was begun the publication, in month- 

 ly parts, of" El Libro de Retratos de Francisco 

 Pacheco." It has now reached completion, and 

 contains sixty-two portraits (reproduced by the 



photo-litho-zincographic process) of the con- 

 temporaries of Pueheco, the celebrated painter 

 of the Seville school. These range between 

 1592 and 1G45, and with the brief biographi- 

 cal notices form a work of rare interest and 

 value. The Royal Academy of History has 

 published two essays, one on Columbus and 

 Pinzon, the other on the Duke of Ossuna, Vice- 

 roy of Naples, 1616-'20. Both monographs 

 were written by Capt. Don C. F. Duro, and 

 are regarded as worthy additions to historic 

 lore. Various other contributions to history 

 have been published, such as R. Villa's "Italy 

 from the Battle of Pavia to the Sack of Rome " 

 (1525-'27); Pella's "History of the Ampur- 

 dan"; Acevedo's "Historical Essay on the 

 Asturias"; a new edition of Contrera's "De- 

 scription of Granada and its Moorish Antiqui- 

 ties " ; together with Galdo's " National Epi- 

 sodes," vol. viii, handsomely illustrated. Galdo 

 is also a novelist of considerable repute, and 

 has published lately "Lo Prohibido." Other 

 novels are : " Sotileza," by Pereda ; " El Cisne 

 de Vilamorta," by Dofia Bazan ; " The Execu- 

 tioner's Daughter," by Castellanos; "Antonia 

 Fuertes," by the Marquis de Figueroa, etc. 

 Most of the novels of the year are but indiffer- 

 ently praised by the critics. What is called 

 " folk - lore " has met with much favor in 

 Spain, such as "Folk-Lore Catala," two vol- 

 umes, " Cuentos y Leyendas de Galicia," " Cu- 

 entos de Alcantara," "Folk -Lore Gnllego," 

 etc. Also "Leyendas Moriscas," traditional 

 stories principally founded on the Koran and 

 preserved by the Moriscos. In poetry Cam- 

 poamor has issued three new poems, which 

 well sustain his high reputation. Nufiez de 

 Arce has published a new edition of his "Glo- 

 rias Nacionales," and Selga has produced more 

 charming " New Loose Leaves." Numerous 

 other contributions to poetic literature have 

 been made by younger poets. Dramatic art 

 seems to be on the decline. Excepting one 

 new drama by Echegaray, and one comedy by 

 Campoamor, hardly anything has been pro- 

 duced but short, light pieces, of no particular 

 moment. Three new volumes have appeared 

 of Macpherson's translation of Shakespeare. 

 In the way of dictionaries, grammars, and 

 philological works, there has been a good sup- 

 ply this year, such as a new edition of the 

 Royal Academy's " Dictionary of the Spanish 

 Language," Rodriguez and Martin's "Novisimo 

 Diccionario Castellano Harm6nimo Ortogra- 

 fico," etc. Moral and political sciences have 

 received due attention, and a number of valu- 

 able works have been published in their inter- 

 est, such as " Transactions of the Academy," 

 Castelar's "Discursos Parlamentarios y Poli- 

 ticos," Perojo's " Politics Colonial," Pelago's 

 " Historia de las Ideas Esteticas in Espafla," 

 Aorta's study on " The Idea of Right," as con- 

 tained in the old Spanish proverbs and ro- 

 mances, etc. We may further note that re- 

 prints of older writers are quite numerous, 

 that a new fortnightly review has made its 



