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OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



Modern Races of North America" (1845), 

 "The Encyclopedists'' (1865), "The Conspir- 

 acy against the Small States in Europe " (1867), 

 and a treatise on "Revolutions' 1 (1870). 



Earle, William, Major-General, an English sol- 

 dier, born May 18, 1833 ; killed in the battle of 

 Kirbekan, near Dulka Island, on the Nile, Feb. 

 10, 1885. He was the son of a baronet, was 

 educated at Harrow, and entered the army in 

 1851. He distinguished himself for gallantry 

 in the Crimean War. In 1870 he attained the 

 rank of colonel, and in 1880 became a major- 

 general. In 1862 he was Military Secretary 

 in Canada. In the campaign against Arabi 

 he protected the line of communication, and 

 was present at Tel-el-Kebir. He commanded 

 the garrison in Alexandria in 1883 until or- 

 dered to join the Gordon relief expedition. 

 When Lord Wolseley divided his forces into 

 three detachments, Gen. Earle was placed in 

 command of the one that followed the bend of 

 the Nile. 



Fabbrizzi, General Nieola, an Italian patriot, 

 born in Modena in 1805 ; died March 31, 1885. 

 He took an active part in the insurrection of 

 1831, was banished from the country, and as- 

 sisted from Malta the Sicilian and Roman 

 movement of 1837, and returned to join the 

 Palermitan insurrection in 1848. He assisted 

 in the defense of Venice and in the operations 

 against the French at Rome. From his exile 

 in Nice he joined Garibaldi's Thousand of 

 Marsala, and fought with distinguished gal- 

 lantry and ability. Garibaldi made him dic- 

 tator in Sicily. In 1867 he was a general in 

 Garibaldi's army. He represented Modena in 

 the Chamber of Deputies. 



Fairlie, Robert F., an English engineer, born 

 in 1831; died in London in October, 1885. 

 He was the inventor of the double-bogie loco- 

 motive-engine in use in Russia, South America, 

 New Zealand, Canada, and other countries. 



Febling, Hermann YOU, a German chemist, born 

 in Lubeck, June 9, 1812 ; died in Stuttgart, July 

 2, 1885. He studied natural sciences at Heidel- 

 berg under Leopold Gmelin, took up chemistry 

 at Giessen under Liebig, and for a short time 

 was at Paris with Dumas. His close applica- 

 tion to work attracted the attention of Liebig, 

 and the friendly relations that followed de- 

 veloped in such a manner that they regarded 

 the results as among the best acquisitions of 

 their lives. In 1839, on the special recom- 

 mendation of Liebig, he was appointed Pro- 

 fessor of Chemistry and Director of the Labo- 

 ratory attached to the Polytechnic School at 

 Stuttgart, which chair he held till his death. 

 For some years following this appointment his 

 time was occupied with the reorganization and 

 extension of the scientific departments under 

 his supervision, and many chemists, now emi- 

 nent in their profession, look back with grati- 

 fication at the encouragement received while 

 studying under Fehling's direction. His in- 

 vestigations were many, and his original scien- 

 tific papers date from 1838. The first was in 



regard to the isolation of fulminic acid. "While 

 at Giessen he studied the substances now- 

 known as metaldehyde and paraldehyde. His 

 work on the sulphobenzoic acid belongs to 

 the same period. At Stuttgart his labors in- 

 cluded investigations on anemonin, on the com- 

 pounds of palladium haloids with ammonia, on 

 the action of sulphuric acid on succinic acid. 

 The discovery that benzonitrile could be pro- 

 duced by the separation of water from ammo- 

 nium benzoate was one of his most brilliant 

 achievements. Gradually his time became ab- 

 sorbed in special duties, and his work more 

 practical. He had been made a member of 

 the Medical Faculty, and was also engaged in 

 the Patent-Office and other public depart- 

 ments, as well as being an important member 

 of the Pharmaceutical Board of Examiners. 

 Later, he undertook the direction of a Govern- 

 ment Laboratory established for industrial pur- 

 poses. In this connection the subject of accu- 

 rate analytical methods for industrial purposes 

 was thoroughly studied by him. Many of the 

 conventional determinations now made, origi- 

 nated with him; such as the estimation of 

 sugar by the use of the solution that bears his 

 name. He produced an excellent German edi- 

 tion of Payen's "Chimie Industrielle" (1850), 

 and was actively concerned in the publication 

 of the later editions of Graham-Otto's work 

 on chemistry (1857). He was a contributor to 

 the earlier volumes of the " Handworterbuch " 

 of Liebig, Poggeudorf, and Nohler, and editor 

 of the later volumes. In 1871 the "Neues 

 Handworterbuch der Chenne" was .begun un- 

 der his editorship. On all occasions where 

 questions requiring the assistance of chemical 

 specialists were considered, Fehling appeared 

 as the representative from his country. 



Ferdinand, Ring, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, father 

 of the King of Portugal, born Oct. 29, 1816; 

 died in Lisbon, Dec. 15, 1885. He married Ma- 

 ria II, Queen of Portugal, in 1836. During the 

 minority of his eldest son, the late King Pedro 

 V, he acted as Regent. In 1869 he married 

 morganatically Madame Hensler. 



Fraser, James, Bishop of Manchester, born in 

 Prestbury, near Cheltenham, England, Aug. 23, 

 1818 ; died in Manchester, Oct. 22, 1885. He 

 was graduated at Oxford, and became a Fellow 

 of Oriel College. In 1847 he was presented to 

 the rectory of Cholderton, Wiltshire, where he 

 remained for thirteen years. He became chan- 

 cellor of Salisbury Cathedral in 1858, and from 

 1860 to 1870 he was rector of Upton-Nervet 

 in the valley of the Kennett, Berkshire. Dur- 

 ing this period Dr. Fraser visited the United 

 States and Canada, chiefly with a view to ex- 

 amine the school system. Between 1861 ami 

 1868 he served on general commissions to in- 

 quire into educational matters and the employ- 

 ment of women and children in agriculture. 

 In January, 1870, Mr. Gladstone appointed him 

 Bishop of Manchester. He was perhaps the 

 most liberal of the English bishops, a large- 

 minded, large-hearted, able, and hard-working 



