664 



OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



Venice, and after several months set free, on 

 condition that he should reside ahroad. He 

 went to Paris and devoted himself to philo- 

 sophical and literary studies. Excluded at first 

 from the amnesty of Pius IX, he was recalled 

 hy that Pontiff in 1847, and in May, 1848, in- 

 trusted with the portfolio of the Interior. He 

 opposed the republic in the Constituent Assem- 

 bly. He retired to Genoa when the French 

 arrived, and in that city founded the Italian 

 Academy of Philosophy. He was elected a 

 deputy in 1859, and soon after was nominated 

 a senator. In 1860 Cavour made him Minister 

 of Public Instruction. At the same time he 

 occupied the chair of History and Philosophy 

 in the University of Turin. In 1861 he was 

 sent as Minister to -Athens, and in 1865 to 

 Bern. He was esteemed the first of Italian 

 philosophers, and was the founder of a system 

 modified from that of his friend Gioberti, and 

 partly derived from the doctrines of Kant. He 

 wrote, among other works, "Revival of the 

 Ancient Italian Philosophy," "Dialogues of 

 Science," " Confessions of a Metaphysician," 

 " Cartesian Meditations," " Kant and Ontolo- 

 gy," " Compendium of My Own Philosophy," 

 u On the Psychology of Kant," " The Religion 

 of the Future," and " Philosophy of the Real." 

 Mantenffel, Field-Marshal Baron von, a German 

 soldier, born in Magdeburg, Feb. 24, 1809 ; died 

 in Carlsbad, June 17, 1885. Edwin Hans Carl 

 was the son of a judge of the Superior Court, 

 and at the age of seventeen entered the army, 

 joining the Dragoon Guards. He became an 

 aide to the King of Prussia in 1848, and was 

 often intrusted with confidential commissions 

 of great importance, which won him the dis- 

 trust and hatred of the Liberal party. In 1854 

 he was commissioned colonel, and three years 

 later, as major-general, he became chief of the 

 military cabinet having, under the King, con- 

 trol of all military affairs of the kingdom. In 

 1861 he was made lieutenant-general, and a 

 few years later was sent to Austria to gain her 

 co-operation in the war against Denmark, in 

 which he succeeded. Later, he assisted in set- 

 tling the differences between Austria and Prus- 

 sia by the Gastein convention, and was made 

 Governor of Schleswig. When the war with 

 Austria broke out, in 1866, he first served un- 

 der Falkenstein in Hanover, but soon became 

 commander-in-chief of the Army of the Main. 

 It was Manteuffel that imposed the great war 

 contribution upon the city of Frankfort, and, 

 during the armistice, secured Russia's assent to 

 the reorganization of Germany. In 1868 he 

 was recalled from his estates at Naumberg, to 

 which he had retired, and assigned to the com- 

 mand of the First Army Corps. In the war of 

 1870, with France, he was present at Cour- 

 celles and Noisseville, and after the fall of the 

 fortress of Metz was made commander of the 

 First Army, with which he waged the war in 

 the 'north of France, with only moderate suc- 

 cess. Early in 1871 he was transferred to the 

 command of the Southern Army, and there he 



brilliantly recovered his prestige by driving 

 Gen. Bourbaki's army in confusion across the 

 Swiss frontier. At the close of the war he was 

 commander-in-chief of the army of occupation, 

 the delicate duties of which post he performed 

 with great tact. On Sept. 14, 1873, he was 

 made a field-marshal. Six years later he was 

 made Governor of Alsace-Lorraine, and his ad- 

 ministration was exceedingly successful. The 

 infirmities of age induced him to offer his resig- 

 nation, and, after a year of retirement from 

 public duties, he died suddenly at his favorite 

 watering-place. When the Emperor heard of 

 his death he mournfully exclaimed, "Alas! all 

 my friends are dying." Marshal Manteuffel's 

 wife died Nov. 12, 1879. 



Meissner, Alfred, an Austrian poet, born in 

 Teplitz, Bohemia, in 1822; died in Bregenz, 

 Tyrol, May 29, 1885. His father was an au- 

 thor and his mother a Scotchwoman. The 

 family was Protestant. He was graduated as 

 a doctor in medicine at the University of 

 Prague. He published in 1846 his epic "Zis- 

 ka," which recounts the life and fate of John 

 IIuss. In 1849 he published " The Son of Atta 

 Troll," a continuation of his friend Heine's 

 celebrated political satire. His devotion to 

 the cause of liberty and his Czech nationalist 

 sympathies rendered Austria unsafe for him 

 during the Metternich regime; he resided in 

 Paris and then in London, where he was the 

 guest of Lord John Russell. There he pre- 

 pared two plays, " The Wife of Uriah " and 

 "Reginald Armstrong; or, the World of Sil- 

 ver." Neither of these succeeded on the stage. 

 " The Pretender of York," a more ambitious 

 drama, was also a failure on the stage. In 

 Paris he wrote "In the Year of Grace 1848" 

 (1848) and "Revolutionary Studies" (1849). 

 In 1855 he published his "Recollections of 

 Heinrich Heine," and then a volume of tales, 

 followed by one of tender lyrical poems. 

 After that he turned his attention to writing 

 novels. His first great novel, " Between 

 Princes and Peoples," a political story of 1848, 

 was published in 1860. "Sansara," which at- 

 tained a wider popularity, appeared the same 

 year. " Schwarzgelb " contests with the lat- 

 ter the reputation of being his greatest work. 

 In 1861 appeared " The New Nobility " and 

 " For the Glory of God." In 1874 were issued 

 " The Sculptors of Worms " and " Oriola." A 

 complete edition of his works was published in 

 1871-73 at Leipsic. During the last years of 

 his life Meissner wrote a great deal for I 

 Austrian papers. His last important 

 was an autobiography abounding in anecdote. 



Mezzaeapo, Luigi, an Italian patriot, born in 

 Trapani, Jan. 25, 1814; died Jan. 27, 1885. 

 served in the Neapolitan army until he joined 

 the revolutionists and became Garibaldi's chiet 

 of staff and commander of the garrison a 

 Rome. After the fall of the republic he wit 

 drew to Genoa, where he prepared some t 

 tises on tactics and strategy. At the beginning 

 of the war of 1859 the Piedmontese Govern- 



