PORTUGAL. 



PRESBYTERIANS. 



697 



year were those of Sedgwick on " Peripatus 

 Oapensis " ; of Lowne, in the Linnsean " Trans- 

 actions," and of Hickson, in the "Journal of 

 Microscopical Science," on the "Eyes of In- 

 sects " ; of Harmer, on the " Development of 

 Loxosoma " ; and of Kingsley, on the " Embry- 

 ology of Limulus." 



PORTUGAL, a monarchy in the south of Eu- 

 rope. The legislature, called the Cortes, is 

 composed of a Chamber of Peers, consisting 

 of 162 members nominated for life, and a 

 Chamber of Deputies, containing 173 mem- 

 bers, elected by the people. The reigning 

 King is Luis I, born in 1838, son of Queen 

 Maria II and Duke Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg. 

 (For ministry, see " Annual Cyclopaedia " for 

 1884. For area and population, see " Annual 

 Cyclopaedia" for 1883.) 



Commerce. Great Britain takes about 45 per 

 cent, of the exports, chiefly wine, and has 

 about the same share in the import trade. 

 The imports from the United States in 1881 

 were valued at 5,452,000 milreis (the milreis = 

 $1.08) ; the exports to the United States at 

 644,000 milreis. The values of the imports 

 and exports of the various classes of merchan- 

 dise in 1884 were as follow, in milreis: 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The length of 

 railroads in operation Jan. 1, 1884, was 950 

 miles, of which 180 were worked by the 

 state. There were 300 miles under construc- 

 tion. 



The number of letters carried in 1883 was 

 15,229,321, besides 1,790,739 foreign letters re- 

 ceived and 1,897,550 sent out. 



The length of state telegraph lines at the end 

 of 1883 was 3,045 miles, of wires 7,255 miles. 

 The number of paid dispatches in 1883 was 

 692,881, of which 413,251 were internal; the 

 receipts were 209,882 milreis. 



Finances. The revenue in 1883-'84 amounted 

 to 35,078 contos of reis, or $37,885,255, in- 

 cluding 4,089 contos of extraordinary receipts; 

 the expenditure was 36,464 contos, or $39,381,- 

 576, of which sum 4,446 contos represented 

 extraordinary expenditures. The budget for 

 1885-'86 makes the total receipts 31,963 con- 

 tos, of which 6,292 are derived from direct 

 imposts, 16,606 from indirect taxation, 1,064 

 from additional taxation under the law of 

 1882, 3,590 from public property, and 1,085 

 represent items of account. The total expendi- 



tures are set down as 38,256 contos, including 

 4,940 for extraordinary purposes. 



The nominal capital of the public debt on 

 June 30, 1884, was 430,856 contos of reis, or 

 $465,126,391. The internal debt, refunded 

 at 3 per cent., amounted to 235,671 contos, 

 the foreign debt to 43,374,577, or 195,1&5 

 contos. 



Army and Navy. The army is undergoing a 

 reorganization under the edict of Oct. 30, 1884, 

 and the law of May 6, 1885. All men, save 

 legal exceptions, are required to serve in the 

 army or the marine from the age of twenty- 

 one. The period of service is three years with 

 the colors, five in the first, and four in the sec- 

 ond reserve. The effective of the army on 

 July 1, 1885, was 35,775 officers and men on 

 the peace footing, and on the war footing 125,- 

 057 of all ranks, with 7,821 horses, 41,266 

 mules, and 264 guns. The troops maintained 

 in the colonies, not included in the above 

 statement, were 8,826 men of all ranks, be- 

 sides the indigenous reserves. 



The war fleet in 1885 consisted of an iron- 

 clad corvette, a cruiser corvette, twelve gun- 

 boats, and minor craft. 



Colonies. (For area and population of the 

 colonies, see "Annual Cyclopaedia" for 1884.) 

 The total revenue of the colonies in 1884-'85 

 was about $3,000,000, and the expenditure $3,- 

 100,000. The possessions of Portugal were in- 

 creased by the territories conceded to her at 

 the mouth of the Congo (see CONGO FREE 

 STATE), and by other points on the western 

 coast recently reoccupied. Although slavery 

 was abolished by the Cortes in 1878, a dis- 

 guised species of slavery exists in the African 

 colonies. The slaves are bought on the Guin- 

 ea coast and taken to the Portuguese planta- 

 tions, ostensibly under voluntary contracts; 

 but the contract is an empty form. They 

 receive no pay. and are kept in perpetual 

 slavery. 



The Postal Congress. A Congress of the Uni- 

 versal Postal Union was held in Lisbon in 

 March. The Congress resolved to maintain 

 the provisions of the Paris Convention, and to 

 admit reply post-cards to the benefits of the 

 convention. A suggestion of the French post- 

 master-general, to establish an international 

 service of postal savings-banks, was warmly 

 approved by many of the delegates. Interna- 

 tional arrangements are already in operation 

 between France, Belgium, and Holland. The 

 Congress resolved in favor of calling a special 

 conference on the subject as soon as the bu- 

 reau in Bern can elaborate the scheme. The 

 next Congress will be held in Vienna in 

 1890. 



POSTAL ROUTE, AMERICAN. See page 61. 



PRESBYTERIANS. I. Presbyterian Church in the 

 United States of Ameriea. The following is the 

 comparative summary of the Presbyterian 

 Church in the United States of America for 

 1884-'85, as presented by the stated clerk of 

 the General Assembly : 



