SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



743 



rhages during several weeks, Mr. Elulke made 

 an opening through the chest-wall, a drainage- 

 tube was inserted, and its outer opening was 

 guarded with an antiseptic dressing. The ad- 

 mission of air to the pleural cavity led to col- 

 lapse of the lung and diminished the circu- 

 lation of hlood through it. Breathing was 

 quickened, and the haemorrhages ceased al- 

 most immediately, blood being coughed up 

 but twice during the following night. Death 

 occurred suddenly five days after the opera- 

 tion, when the former haemorrhage was dis- 

 covered to have come from a good-sized branch 

 of the pulmonary artery. As a modification 

 of the operation, it has been proposed to inject 

 carbolized air by means of a syringe, instead 

 of forming an opening with the knife. 



Intubation of the Larynx. An operation intro- 

 duced by Dr. Joseph O'Dwyer, of New York 

 city, consists in inserting through the opening 

 between the vocal cords a metallic tube, oval 

 in section and from one and a half to two 

 inches in length. It is provided with a flange 

 at its upper extremity, and with a thread that 

 permits of its easy removal. It has been used 

 already in a large number of cases of croup, 

 and spasm of the laryngeal muscles, where 

 death from suffocation was threatened, and 

 where an opening into the trachea has been 

 the customary surgical procedure. Thus far 

 the results have been remarkably favorable, 

 far superior to those following tracheotomy. 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY, two kingdoms occu- 

 pying the Scandinavian Peninsula in northern 

 Europe, united indi?solubly, by the Riksact of 

 1815, in the person of the sovereign. Succes- 

 sion to the throne is hereditary in the house of 

 Ponte Corvo. The common affairs of the two 

 kingdoms are decided by a Council of State. 

 The reigning King is Oscar II, born Jan. 21, 

 1829, grandson of Marshal Bernadotte, and 

 the fourth sovereign of the line. 



SWEDEN. Constitution. The legislative pow- 

 ers are vested in the Diet, subject to the ap- 

 proval of the King, save in matters of politi- 

 cal administration and taxation, the former of 

 which is the exclusive province of the sover- 

 eign, and the latter that of the Diet. The Diet 

 consists of two chambers, both elective. The 

 franchise is limited by a property qualification. 



The Ministry. The Council of State is com- 

 posed as follows : Oscar R. Themptander, ap- 

 pointed Minister of State, May 16, 1884, and 

 Minister of Finance, March 8, 1881 ; Baron C. 

 F. L. Hochschildt, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 

 appointed April 27, 1880 ; Dr. N. H. Vult von 

 Steyern, Councilor of State and Chief of the 

 Department of Justice, appointed April 19, 

 1880 ; Major-Gen eral K. A. Ryding, Councilor 

 of State at the head of the Department of War, 

 appointed June 16, 1882 ; Baron 0. G. von Otter, 

 Councilor of State and Chief of the Navy De- 

 partment, appointed April 19, 1880; Dr. 0. G. 

 Hammarskjold, Councilor of State and Chief 

 of the Department of Ecclesiastical Affairs, ap- 

 pointed Aug. 27, 1880 ; J. E. von Krusenstjerna, 



Councilor of State and Chief of the Department 

 of the Interior, appointed Nov. 30, 1883 ; and 

 Councilors of State Dr. J. II. Loven, appoint- 

 ed June 5, 1874; J. C. E. Richert, appointed 

 Aug. 27, 1880 ; and Baron C. G. A. Tamm, ap- 

 pointed May 19, 1884. 



Area and Population. The area of Sweden is 

 170,979 square miles. The population at the 

 end of 1884 was estimated at 4,644,488. 



The mean number of emigrants in the ten 

 years 1851-'60 was 1,690; in 1861-70, 12,245 ; 

 the number in 1870, 29,003; in 1871, 17,450; 

 in 1872, 15,915; in 1873, 13,580; in 1874, 

 7,791 ; in 1875, 9,727 ; in 1876, 9,418 ; in 1877, 

 7,610; in 1878, 9,032; in 1879, 17,637; in 1880, 

 42,109; in 1881, 45,992; in 1882,50,178; in 

 1883, 31,605. 



The population of Stockholm, the capital, 

 was 205,129 in 1884. 



Commerce. The total value of the imports 

 in 1883 was 333,929,000 crowns, against 229,- 

 820,000 in 1882 ; the total value of the exports 

 was 256,531,000, against 253,887,000 crowns. 

 Germany furnished more than a quarter of the 

 imports, England about a quarter, Denmark a 

 sixth, Russia nearly a twelfth, and Norway 

 a sixteenth. Of the exports, England took 

 one half, Denmark an eighth, France nearly as 

 many, and Germany less than one fifteenth. 

 The imports from the United States were 

 9,481,000 crowns, the exports to the United 

 States 339,000 crowns. The leading article 

 of export is timber, and the next in impor- 

 tance metals. The commercial navy in 1884 

 consisted of 3,337 sailing-vessels, of 451,206 

 tons, and 845 steamers, of 100,720 tons. The 

 tonnage engaged in foreign commerce was 451,- 

 889 ; in the coasting trade, 100,037 tons. 



Communications. The number of letters car- 

 ried in 1883 was 41,579,077, including post- 

 cards. The receipts of the post-office were 

 6,916,220, the expenditures 5,124,711 crowns. 



The length of the state telegraph lines in 

 1884 was 8,562 kilometres, the length of wires 

 20,871 ; the number of dispatches was 1,178,- 

 952, of which 619,634 were internal, 429,383 

 international, and 129,942 in transit. The re- 

 ceipts amounted to 1,329,927, the expenses to 

 1,243,575 crowns. 



The length of the state railroads in 1885 was 

 2,312, of companies' lines 4,288 kilometres. 



Army and Navy. The total number of enrolled 

 and cantoned troops, the two classes constitut- 

 ing the permanent army, in 1885, was 7,886 of 

 the former and 27,193 of the latter. The total 

 war strength of the army was 195,171 men, 

 with 258 field-guns and 5,637 horses. 



The navy consisted, in 1884, of 1 frigate, 4 

 corvettes, and a number of monitors, torpedo- 

 vessels, small gunboats, etc. The only iron- 

 clads were 4 monitors with 5-inch plates and 

 2 heavy guns each, and 10 gunboats. The fleet 

 was manned by 600 sailors and 4,670 marines, 

 besides officers, mechanics, etc. The naval 

 militia numbers about 50,000 men. 



Finances. The budget for 1886 makes the 



