750 



TURKEY. 



to the bar in 1830, before he was of age, by a 

 special act of the Legislature of Georgia. He 

 entered upon practice in his native town, and 

 soon afterward married Miss Dubois, to whom 

 he was devotedly attached all his life, and who 

 died two or three years ago. As a lawyer, Mr. 

 Toorabs was very successful, and accumulated 

 considerable wealth in a few years. In 1836 he 

 served as captain of a company of volunteers 

 in a campaign against the Creek Indians of Ala- 

 bama. The next year he was elected to the 

 Georgia Legislature, and soon took a prominent 

 position in State politics. He remained in the 

 Legislature until 1844, when he was chosen to 

 represent his district in Congress. He served 

 eight years in the House of Representatives, 

 and in 1853 was elected to the Senate. As 

 Senator, as well as in ah 1 other respects, Mr. 

 Toombs was intensely Southern. He believed 

 in the absolute sovereignty of the States, and 

 in the necessity to the South both to maintain 

 and extend slavery in the United States. He 

 made no concealment of his views as to seces- 

 sion, in case the United States Government 

 undertook to enforce its authority against the 

 will of a State ; and, after the election of Abra- 

 ham Lincoln, he advocated secession with all 

 the bitterness and force of his fiery nature, 

 making several violent speeches in Georgia, in 

 which he asserted that the North would no 

 longer respect the constitutional rights of the 

 South, and that secession was the only remedy. 

 Alexander H. Stephens urged Georgia to re- 

 main in the Union ; but Mr. Toombs urged it 

 to go out, and, mainly owing to his activity 

 and energy, when the State Convention met, 

 the resolution to secede was adopted by a con- 

 siderable majority. The Senate of the United 

 States expelled him from his seat in that body, 

 March 14, 1861. When the Confederate Gov- 

 ernment went into operation, Mr. Toombs was 

 appointed Secretary of State ; but he preferred 

 to join the army in the field, where, however, 

 he was not especially successful. After the 

 war, he escaped arrest and went to Europe, 

 and while in England was admitted to the bar 

 and practiced law. He returned to his home in 

 Georgia in 1867 ; but, as he refused to take the 

 oath of allegiance to the United States, he was 

 for the remainder of his lite debarred from all 

 rights and privileges of citizenship. He left an 

 estate valued at $500,000 or more. 



TURKEY^ an empire in southeastern Europe 

 and western Asia. The government is an ab- 

 solute monarchy, founded on the precepts of 

 the Koran and the Multeka. A constitution, 

 introducing the representative principle, was 

 proclaimed in 1876, but has not been carried 

 into effect. The reigning Sultan is Abdul- 

 Hamid II, born Sept. 22, 1842, who succeeded 

 his brother Murad deposed Aug. 31, 1876. 

 The executive and legislative authority is ex- 

 ercised under the Sultan by the Grand Vizier 

 in temporal matters, and by the Sheik-ul-Is- 

 lam, who is the head of the Ulema, or sacred 

 council, in religious matters. The departments 



of state are directed by a Council of Ministers, 

 presided over by the Grand Vizier. The Cab- 

 inet was reconstructed in September after the 

 Roumelian revolution. It is composed of the 

 following members : Grand Vizier, Kiamil Pa- 

 sha; President of the State Council, Aarifi 

 Pasha ; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Said Pa- 

 sha; Minister of War and Grand Master of 

 Artillery, Ali Saib Pasha; Minister of Marine, 

 Hassan Pasha; Minister of the Interior, Munir 

 Pasha; Minister of Justice, Server Pasha; 

 Minister of Finance, Agop Pasha ; Minister of 

 Commerce and Agriculture, Hakki Pasha ; Min- 

 ister of Public Instruction, Munif Pasha; In- 

 tendant of Evkafs, Zihmi Effendi ; Minister of 

 Public Works, Zahdi Effendi. The Minister 

 of Marine is the same as in the late Cabinet; 

 Ali Saib Pasha, who was Grand Master of Ar- 

 tillery, replaced Ghazi Osraan Pasha as Minis- 

 ter of War ; Munir Pasha was transferred from 

 the Ministry of Finance. Said Pasha was taken 

 from his post of ambassador at Berlin, Essad 

 Pasha, the ambassador at Paris, being trans- 

 ferred to that capital, and Adhem Pasha, the 

 late Minister of the Interior, sent to Paris. 

 The Sheik-ul-Islam is Ahmed Essad Effendi. 

 Kiamil Pasha, the new Grand Vizier, was pre- 

 viously Minister of the Evkafs. He was born 

 in Cyprus, and acquired a familiar knowledge 

 of English while with an Englishman in Cairo 

 for several years. The dismissal of Said Pasha 

 is said to have been primarily due to the enmi- 

 ties he had excited by detaching the financial 

 agents in the provinces from their subservi- 

 ence to the governors - general and making 

 them directly dependent on the Ministry of Fi- 

 nance. 



Area and Popnlation. The area and population 

 of the immediate possessions and tributary 

 states of the Turkish Empire are, according to 

 the most recent returns and estimates, as fol- 

 low : 



The population of Constantinople, the capi- 

 tal, in 1885, was 873,565. The next most popu- 

 lous cities are Smyrna and Damascus, in Asi- 

 atic Turkey, with about 150,000 each. 



Commerce. The total imports of 1884-' 

 were valued at 1,975,784,000, the exports at 



