796 



ZANZIBAR. 



ZYMOTIC DISEASES. 



dom of way across his territory to the new 

 German possessions. 



The German representative also notified the 

 Sultan that the German Government had pro- 

 claimed a protectorate over the dominions of 

 the Sultan of Vitu. This Sultan is a savage 

 potentate, ruling over a town and district on 

 the coast, in 2 of south latitude, and claiming 

 to be suzerain over Kilimanjaro and Kenia. 

 The coast kingdom of Vitu, lying between the 

 rivers Dana and Osi, is 150 miles south of the 

 Juba, which Seyyid Bargash claims to be the 

 limit of his territory. 



The Sultan of Zanzibar has exercised effect- 

 ive sovereignty over the coast of Gallaland, 

 with the exception of Vitu, or Suaheliland, on 

 the shores of Formosa Bay, which belongs to 

 the nomadic Gallas. Farther north, on the 

 Somali coast, there are settlements where he 

 maintains his authority through the instru- 

 mentality of a governor and a military force. 

 The Sultan of Vitu is an Arab, who has a he- 

 reditary quarrel with the Sultan of Zanzibar, 

 arising from the conquest of a portion of his 

 dominions by the ancestors of the latter. In 

 1867 he asked for a German protectorate. On 

 April 8, 1885, he sold to Clemens Denhardt 

 about 800 square miles of his territory, and 

 sent to the consul-general in Zanzibar a formal 

 request to be taken under the protection of the 

 German Empire. 



Seyyid Bargash, encouraged by Sir John 

 Kirk and the English, laid claim to all the 

 territory annexed by Germany. The chiefs 

 who had ceded territory to the East African 

 Company he declared to be his vassals, possess- 

 ing no right to make cessions. To the pro- 

 posals of the German consul-general, he re- 

 plied that he preferred to "continue his trust 

 in God and Great Britain." On May 27, 

 1885, Sultan Achmed of Vitu was formally 

 taken under the protection of the German 

 Enjperor. The soldiers of Seyyid Bargash in- 

 vadeJ the territory of the German colony in 

 May. Count Pfeil protested, and raised the 

 German flag. The Zanzibaris responded by 

 raising the Sultan's flag; and a mob of Arabs 

 destroyed the house and garden of the chief 

 of the German colony. Another expedition 

 was sent from Zanzibar to reduce to subjec- 

 tion the Sultan of Vitu. It came into actual 

 collision with the German expedition then in 

 Vitu. Gen. Matthews, with a body of soldiers, 

 visited the various chiefs between Pangani, 

 Mombassa, and Kilimanjaro, prior to the ar- 

 rival of Dr. Jiihlke, and with threats or pres- 

 ents endeavored to induce them to recognize 

 the suzerainty of the Sultan and raise the red 

 flag of Zanzibar. Chief Mandara, who ceded 

 the Kilimanjaro district to Dr. Jiihlke, had the 

 Zanzibar standard hoisted over his village, but 

 denied that he had acknowledged the sovereign- 

 ty of Seyyid Bargash, who was only his equal in 

 power. The other chiefs of the region denied 

 that they had entered into any engagements 

 with Gen. Matthews. On the ground of the 



treaties alleged to have been made with his 

 general, the Sultan of Zanzibar claimed prior 

 suzerain rights. These new acquisitions of the 

 East African Company were not included in 

 the protectorate granted by the Emperor. 

 When the German Government heard of the 

 Sultan's acts of hostility, it sent a naval squad- 

 ron to Zanzibar. On July 31 the iron-clad cor- 

 vettes "Stosch," "Gneisenau," "Elisabeth," 

 and " Prince Adalbert," with the tender 

 "Ehrenfels," under the command of Commo- 

 dore Paschen, anchored before Zanzibar, and 

 the German admiral presented an ultimatum, 

 threatening to bombard the town unless the 

 Sultan recalled his troops that were levying 

 tribute in regions under the protectorate of 

 Germany. The Sultan appealed to the British 

 fleet for protection ; and Lord Salisbury, in a 

 communication to Prince Bismarck, asked that 

 Germany's claims be held in abeyance until the 

 English Government had time to consider the 

 Sultan's appeal. Meanwhile Seyyid Bargash 

 recalled his troops from Vitu, Usagara, and 

 the Kilimanjaro region. In September the 

 East African Society announced that its agent, 

 Herr Hornecke, had acquired, by means of 

 treaties with native chiefs, the territories north 

 of Kilimanjaro as far as Dana river, connect- 

 ing its possessions in the Kilimanjaro region 

 with Vitu. In the southern part of the nomi- 

 nal dominions of Sultan Bargash, the society 

 acquired territory on the banks of Rufiji riv- 

 er. With the acquisition of the district of 

 Usaramo in September, the entire course of 

 the river was placed in the hands of the com- 

 pany, as well as the neighboring coast. The 

 safe and deep harbor of Dar-es-Salam is in this 

 district. By virtue of an agreement extracted 

 from Seyyid Bargash, who became tractable 

 and accommodating as soon as he found that 

 the new Government in England would not back 

 him up, the free use of this port was conceded 

 to Germany. The result of the intercession 

 of the English Cabinet was an agreement for 

 the delimitation of the territories of the Sultan 

 of Zanzibar on the mainland, by a commission 

 composed of representatives of Great Britain, 

 Germany, and France. On Dec. 20 a treaty of 

 commerce was concluded with Admiral Knorr, 

 commander of the German squadron on the east 

 coast of Africa. 



ZYMOTIC DISEASES. Cholera was first de- 

 scribed by a celebrated physician of Goa, 

 Garcia del Huerto, in 1560. It is endemic in 

 India, born and nourished in the filth of the 

 over-populated districts of that country, and 

 thence it spreads westward in the form of 

 epidemics. Its journeys are made by short 

 stages, which follow the lines of commerce, 

 and it spreads, beyond a doubt, by actual con- 

 tact. One feature that has been noticed about 

 its travels is, that it has never been shipped 

 aboard vessels rounding the Cape of Good 

 Hope. Cholera appeared in India in 1774, 

 causing a very large number of deaths. In 

 1817 the disease again occurred in India, and. 



