AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



67 



her is eliminated by lot from the other. All 

 measures are presented for action to each 

 delegation separately; and if their decisions 

 diverge, they meet to vote jointly, but without 

 discussion. Franz Josef I succeeded his uncle, 

 Ferdinand I, as Emperor of Austria, upon the 

 abdication of the latter, Dec, 2, 1848 ; and after 

 the restoration of the Hungarian Constitution, 

 June 8, 1867, was crowned King of Hungary. 

 The heir- apparent is the Archduke Rudolph, 

 born in 1858, only son of the Emperor. The 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Imperial 

 House for the whole Empire is Count G. Kal- 

 noky de Korospatak, appointed Nov. 21, 1881 ; 

 the Minister of War, Lieut. Field-Marshal Count 

 Bylandt-Rheydt, appointed June 21, 1876 ; the 

 Minister of Finance, Benjamin de Kallay, ap- 

 pointed June 4, 1882. 



Area and Population. The total area of the 

 Austro-Hungarian monarchy is 240,942 square 

 miles. The population in 1880 was 37,885,226. 

 The population of Austria, with an area of 

 115,903 square miles, was 22,144,244, or 191 

 per square mile; that of Hungary, 125,039 

 square miles in extent, 15,642,102, or 135 per 

 square mile. The increase in eleven years in 

 Austria was 8'5 per cent. ; in Hungary. 1-24. 

 In the Cisleithan Kingdom there were 10,819,- 

 737 males and 11, 324,507 females; in Hungary, 

 7,702,810 males and 7,939,192 females. 



The number of births in Austria in 1884 was 

 878,321; of deaths, 666,523; of marriages, 

 179,171 ; surplus of births over deaths, 211,798. 

 In 1885 there were only 860,663 births, and 

 175,233 marriages, while the number of deaths 

 was 689,493. In Hungary the births in 1883 

 numbered 730,934; the deaths, 526,991; the 

 marriages, 167,609 ; surplus of births over 

 deaths, 203,943. 



The Empire of Austria embraces within its 

 borders no less than 17 different principalities: 

 The Archduchy of Austria below the Enns; 

 the Archduchy of Austria above the Enns; 

 Duchy of Salsbnrg ; Duchy of Styria ; Duchy 

 ofCarinthia; Duchy of Carniola; city of Tri- 

 este and its domain ; Margraviate of Gorz and 

 Gradisca; Margraviate of Istria; Margraviate 

 of Tyrol; Dependency of Vorarlberg ; Kingdom 

 of Bohemia ; Margraviate of Moravia ; Duchy 

 of Silesia ; Kingdom of Galicia ; Kingdom of 

 Dalmatia ; Duchy of Bukowina. Among all 

 these kingdoms, duchies, margraviates, and 

 principalities, but two are inhabited exclusively 

 by one nationality, viz., Upper Austria and Salz- 

 burg, which are peopled by Germans. The 

 numbers speaking the various languages were 

 in 1880 as follow : German, 8,006,176; Bohe- 

 mian, Moravian, and Slovak, 5,183,596 ; Polish, 

 3,238,534; Ruthenian, 2,792,677; Slovene, 1,- 

 140,508 ; Servian and Croatian, 563,371, Latin, 

 668,653; Roumanian, 190,799; Magyar, 9,887. 



In Transleithania the division was as follows : 

 Magyar, 6,206,872; Roumanian, 2,325,838; 

 Servian and Croatian, 2,325,747; German, 1,- 

 882,371 ; Bohemian, Moravian, and Slovak, 

 1,799,563 ; Rathenian, 345,187; Wendi, 83,150; 



gypsies, 79,393; Armenian, 3,523; other na- 

 tive languages, 33,668 ; foreign languages, 56,- 

 892 ; infants, 499,898. 



The population of the cities with over 75,000 

 inhabitants in Austria- Hungary was, in 1880, 

 as follows : Vienna, including suburbs, 1,103,- 

 857; Buda-Pesth, 360,551; Prague, 162,323; 

 Trieste, 144,844; Lemberg, 109,746; Gratz, 

 97,791 ; Brtinn, 82,660. 



Education. There are eight universities in 

 Austria, with 796 teachers and 12,952 students 

 in 1885. The number of technical high-schools 

 in 1883 was six, with 337 teachers and 2,578 

 students; there were 11 special high-schools, 

 with 215 teachers and 2,571 students; 49 theo- 

 logical schools, with 245 teachers and 1,740 

 students; 166 gymnasia, with 3,270 teachers 

 and 51,893 pupils; 80 Realschulen, with 1,419 

 teachers and 15,236 pupils; 70 normal schools, 

 with 978 teachers and 8,792 pupils; 1,212 

 special institutes, public and private, with 6,075 

 teachers and 84,816 pupils; 15,944 public ele- 

 mentary schools, with 52,314 teachers and 

 2,557,749 pupils; and 1,127 private elementary 

 schools, with 85,166 pupils. Of the children 

 of school age in 1883, 84*9 per cent, were at- 

 tending school. German was spoken in 6,733 

 of the public elementary schools; in 4,018, 

 Czech ; in 3,777, other Slav languages; in 868, 

 Italian; in 53, Roumanian; in 3, Mag} r ar; in 

 492, more than one language. In Hungary, 83*3 

 per cent, of the children of school age were in 

 school in 1883. In the two Hungarian univer- 

 sities in 1885 there were 211 teachers and 4,181 

 students. There were 13 law-schools, with 

 798 students ; 56 theological schools, with 

 1,946 students; 163 gymnasia, with 38,106 

 scholars; 33 Realschulen, with 6,081 scholars; 

 73 normal schools, with 4,003 scholars; and 

 110 special institutes, including music-schools, 

 with 6,899 scholars. The number of elementa- 

 ry schools in 1882 was 15,993, the number of 

 teachers 22,396, the number of pupils 1,304,738. 

 There were besides 367,094 scholars in schools 

 of a higher grade. In 7,938 of the elementary 

 schools the language is Magyar; in 4,801, other 

 languages; in 2,766, more than one language. 

 Dr. Gautsch, the new Minister of Education in 

 Austria, has instituted reforms in the curricu- 

 lum of the universities which will give the first 

 place in the examinations to practical studies, 

 and relegate abstract philosophy to a subordi- 

 nate rank. The study of constitutional law is 

 to be made in the legal course. 



Commerce and Industry, The Austro - Hunga- 

 rian CustomsUnion embraces all the lands of the 

 two monarchies except the province of Dalma- 

 tia, with its two free ports, Trieste and Fiume. 

 The total value of imports in 1884 was 612,900,- 

 000 florins, against 624,890,339 florins in 1883 ; 

 the value of exports 708,700,000 florins, against 

 749,920,513 florins. The exports over the Ger- 

 man frontier in 1883 amounted to 457,410,860 

 florins; those by way of Trieste to 97,424,- 

 420 ; those over the Italian frontier to 56,160,- 

 410; over the Roumanian frontier, 48,757,- 



