BRAZIL. 



93 



the navigation of other subordinate rivers 

 farther south, to connect La Paz, Oorocoro, 

 Barca, Oruro, Cochabamba, Colquechaca, Su- 

 cre, and Huanchaca, with a view of diverting 

 the Argentine - Atlantic and La Paz-Chilian 

 trade northwestward through Bolivia and 

 Peru to Mollendo. But it appears that cer- 

 tain engineering problems present obstacles 

 to this scheme. 



Commerce. A better account of the trade of 

 Bolivia may be found in the custom-houses of 

 the neighboring countries than in her own. 

 There has been no full custom-house report 

 in Bolivia for three years ; but from data de- 

 rived from many sources, the total value of 

 Bolivian exports in 1885 may be set down at 

 $9,745,000, and the total value of imports at 

 $6,820,000. The official report places the 

 amount of duties collected during 1884 at 

 $618,765, and the amount up to June 30, 

 1885, at $724,807. 



The export of Bolivian products via Arica, 

 in 1885, was as follows: to Valparaiso, 13,605 

 kilogrammes of calisaya-bark and 66,003 of 

 quinine-bark; to England, 4,348 and 48,767, 

 respectively; to France, 14,781 and 12,601; 

 to Germany, 11,936 kilogrammes of quinine- 

 bark ; and to Peru, 70 kilogrammes of calisaya 

 and 907 of quinine-bark. There were shipped 

 to various countries 555 tons of ingot-copper, 

 515 tons tin in slabs, 46,509 kilogrammes bar- 

 silver, 543 tons of silver-ore, and 796 tons of 

 copper-ore. Bolivian trade with the United 

 States is trifling. American goods are seldom 

 met with in Bolivia. In 1883 the export to 

 England amounted to $1,730,637, and the im- 

 port thence to $322,778. With other coun- 

 tries, notably Germany and France, there is 

 an active trade. 



BRAZIL. For details relating to area, terri- 

 torial divisions, population, etc., see " Annual 

 Cyclopedia " for 1884. 



Government. The Emperor is Dom Pedro II, 

 born Dec. 2, 1825 ; proclaimed April 7, 1831 ; 

 regency until July 23, 1840 ; crowned July 18, 

 1841; married, Sept. 4, 1843, Theresa Chris- 

 tina Maria, daughter of the late King Francis I 

 of the Two Sicilies. The Cabinet is composed 

 of the following ministers: President of the 

 Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sena- 

 tor Baron de Cotegipe ; Minister of Agricult- 

 ure, Commerce, and Public Works, Repre- 

 sentative Antonio da Silva Prado ; Minister of 

 Finance, Francisco Belizario Scares de Souza ; 

 Minister of the Interior, Senator Baron de Ma- 

 more; Minister of Justice, Senator Joaquin 

 Delphino Riberio da Luz ; Minister of War, 

 Representative Alfredo Rodrigues Fernandes 

 Chaves; Secretary of the Navy, Dr. Samuel 

 Wallace McDowell. The Council of State com- 

 prises, besides the Princess Imperial, Donna 

 Yzabel, and Prince Gaston of Orleans, Count 

 d'Eu, the following members extraordinary 

 (limited to twelve) : Senators Viscount de Mu- 

 ritiba, Viscount de Bom Retiro, Admiral La- 

 mare, J. J. Teixeira, M. P. de Souza Dantes, 



Viscount de Paranagua, J. L. V. Cansansao de 

 Sinimbri ; Deputies Martin Francisco, Ribeiro 

 de Andrade, P. J. Soarez de Souza, J. C. de 

 Andrade Pinto, and Senators Affonso Celso de 

 A. Figueiredo, J. B. da Cunha e Figueiredo, 

 Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira, and L. A. Vieira 

 da Silva. 



The Brazilian Minister at Washington is 

 Baron de Itajuba. The Consul -General of 

 Brazil at New York is Dr. Salvador Mendonca. 

 The United States Minister to Brazil is Hon. 

 T. A. Osborn. The United States Consul- Gen- 

 eral at Rio de Janeiro is H. C. Armstrong, and 

 the consul at Santos C. R. McCall. 



Termination of Treaties. The Brazilian Gov- 

 ernment has given the stipulated twelve months' 

 notice to the Governments of Great Britain, 

 Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Holland, and 

 Switzerland, to terminate on Sept. 22, 1887, 

 the consular treaties with those countries, and 

 similar notice will be given to Belgium for ter- 

 mination on Sept. 4, 1888, and to Paraguay for 

 termination on May 28, 1890. This action is 

 understood to arise from the desire of the Gov- 

 ernment to get rid of consular intervention in 

 regard to the property of absent and deceased 

 persons. 



Finances. On Aug. 20, 1885, the national in- 

 debtedness stood as follows : 



Milreis. 



Foreign debt 178,274,000 



Funded home debt 888,199,900 



Loan of 1868 22,047,000 



Loan of 1879 42,688,000 



Paper money 194,282,585 



Advances made by a private capitali&t 700,000 



Total 826,1 86,485 



On March 3, 1886, the floating debt had in- 

 creased, through annual deficits, to 100,000,000 

 milreis, of which there were due the banks 

 alone 86,000,000 milreis. The last two deficits 

 had been: 1884-'85, 18,404,628 ; and 1885-'86, 

 21,702,636. In order to convert the floating 

 debt and the 336,000,000 milreis 6 per cent, 

 funded home debt into 5 per cent, bonds, a 

 European 5 per cent, loan of 6,000,000 was 

 made at 95, with 1 per cent, annually set aside 

 toward the sinking fund. This proved a great 

 success, the loan being subscribed to three 

 times over. Simultaneously the Government 

 placed with equal success on the home market 

 a 50,000,000 milreis 5 per cent, loan at 95. 

 The exchange on London soon rose from I7fd. 

 the milreis to 22d. This occurred early in 

 March. In May there were balances in the 

 various departments aggregating the sum of 

 3,000,000 milreis ; but to the remaining deficit 

 there would have to be added 3,624,431 milreis 

 for extraordinary expenses and special credits 

 granted, thus raising the deficit to 4,607,532. 



The public debt amounted to 57,000,000 mil- 

 reis in 1840, to 178,000,000 in 1850, to 146,- 

 000,000 in 1860, to 522,000,000 in 1870, and 

 to 802,000,000 in 1880. The President of the 

 Budget Committee estimated the national in- 

 debtedness, including all floating debts, and cal- 

 culating the loss of exchange on the foreign 



