CHILI. 



151 



The American trade with Chili has been as 

 follows : 



Maritime Movement There entered and left 

 Chilian ports : 



MOVEMENT. 



Tonnage. 



Resources. Chili produces annually about 

 6,500,000 hectolitres of wheat, and 2,500,000 

 hectolitres of barley and other cereals, and all 

 vegetables and fruit peculiar to the temperate 

 zone. In 1884, 5,812,219 hectolitres of wheat 

 were produced, and 11,437,560 decalitres of 

 wine. The cattle increase at the rate of over 

 400,000 head per annum, while the annual in- 

 crease in the number of sheep and goats is 1,- 

 000,000. Silver production amounts to 160,- 

 000 kilogrammes a year, that of gold to 500. 

 Copper production averages 40,000 tons per 

 annum ; coal is mined to the amount of 800,- 

 000 tons, and nitrate to 550,000 tons. Manu- 

 facturing is rapidly developing ; there are five 

 steam flour-mills, a sugar-refinery at Vina del 

 Mar, near Valparaiso, and at Santiago a cloth- 

 factory turning out a creditable article from 

 native wool. There are several agricultural, 

 mining, manufacturing, and medical societies, 

 publishing illustrated bulletins and reviews. 



Manganese-Ores. The deposits of manganese- 

 ore in Chili may be said to never have been 

 explored ; nevertheless, enough is known from 

 the investigations of several eminent geologists 

 to leave no room to doubt that the mineral ex- 

 ists in immense quantities in the republic, more 

 especially in the northern provinces. The first 

 attempt to utilize the ore was made about 

 three years ago, when a bed, south of Santiago, 

 was opened ; but the cost of conveying the ore 

 to Valparaiso for shipment proved an insuper- 

 able obstacle to the success of the undertak- 

 ing, and it was abandoned. The beds of man- 

 ganese in the province of Coquimbo are sur- 

 face deposits, and the cost of taking out the 



ore is trifling, but the great difficulty is the ex- 

 pense of transportation to the coast. The cost 

 of the ore by the time it is placed alongside a 

 vessel in Coquimbo harbor ranges from $10 

 to $12, Chilian currency, per ton. The price 

 of manganese in England is quoted to-day at 

 3 10s. per ton for ore of a ley of not less than 

 45 per cent. The ley of the ore exported from 

 Coquimbo has varied from 45 to 55 per cent. 



Education. Gratuitous instruction was given 

 to men in 17 schools in 1885, against 16 in 

 1884; to women in 7, against 5; elementary 

 schools for children had increased from 240 

 in 1884, to 247 in 1885, for boys alone ; for 

 girls there were 187, against 188 in 1884, and 

 for children of both sexes there were 310 

 schools, against 287 in 1884; together, 768 

 free schools, against 736 in 1884. There were 

 enrolled, in 1885, 63,559 children of school 

 age, against 70,382 in 1884, the average at- 

 tendance being 45,795 in 1885, against 49,766 

 in 1884. Of private schools there were 557 in 

 1885, being 45 more than in 1884, and the 

 number of pupils enrolled 26,011, so that the 

 total number of children of age to attend 

 school was 89,570. The amount of money 

 spent by the Government for free schools was 

 $2,303,800, and the municipalities spent alto- 

 gether $90,000 for the purpose. Seminaries 

 were supported by the Archbishop of Santiago, 

 and the Bishops of Concepcion, Ancud, and 

 Serena. Higher education is obtainable in the 

 National Institute of Santiago, which, in 1884- 

 '85, had 980 students, being an increase of 69 

 over 1884. There were, besides, the following 

 educational establishments : At Santiago, a 

 school for artists and mechanics; the Agri- 

 cultural Institute, with a model farm; the 

 Academy of Painting; the School of Sculpt- 

 ure, and the Conservatory of Music. 



In April, 1885, there were 65,094 volumes 

 in the National Library ; there are a Museum 

 of Natural History, a Botanical Garden, and 

 Museum of Anatomy, and Cabinet of Physics, 

 all attached to the National Institute. 



There is a military school, attended by 115 

 cadets in 1885 ; a naval school at Valparaiso, 

 with 70 cadets, in the same year, attached to 

 which is a marine library ; and the naval of- 

 ficers formed in that city, on April 10, 1886, 

 an association to publish a monthly paper. At 

 Santiago there is a hydrographic bureau, which 

 prepares naval maps, and publishes the " Anua- 

 rio de la Marina." 



The Press. There were published in 1886 

 128 newspapers, 25 of them at the capital, San- 

 tiago ; 13 at Valparaiso ; 5 at Iquique ; 4 each at 

 Concepcion, Copiap6, Curico, Serena, and Tal- 

 ca; 3 each at Ancud, Anjeles, Cauquenes, 

 Chilian, San Carlos, San Felipe, Vallenar, and 

 Freirina; 2 each at Ligua, Melipilla, Osorno, 

 Pisagua, Quillota, Quixihue, Eancagua, and San 

 Fernando, and one in nearly every capital of a 

 department. 



Lishthonses. Between Punta Arenas, near 

 the Strait of Magellan, and Arica, 12 light- 



