294 



DYNAGRAPII. 



for six years, was elected vice-president in 1844-, 

 and president in 1845, which office he held un- 

 til his resignation in 1861. He was one of the 

 first members of the Century Club, as well as 

 of the Academy. Living at his birthplace in 

 New Jersey, Durand continued his landscape- 

 painting until he was over eighty- four years 

 of age, contributing to the Academy irregu- 

 larly until 1880. In this year he finished per- 

 haps his last picture, a view of Lake George; 

 but even later he found his greatest pleasure 

 in occupying himself with pallette and brush in 

 his studio. His death removed the last of the 

 painters that may be justly termed the pioneers 

 in American art. Among Du rand's landscapes 

 are "The Forest Primeval" ; u The Trysting- 

 Tree," exhibited in 1869, and belonging to Ben- 

 jamin H. Field ; " The Clove, Catskill Mount- 

 ains," belonging to the Century Club ; " Fran- 

 conia Notch," exhibited in 1874, owned by 

 Mrs. R. L. Stuart ; " In the Woods," owned by 

 Jonathan Sturges, which was sent to the Paris 

 Exposition of 1867; '* Thanatopsis," owned by 

 J. P. Morgan; " Landscape," owned by Morris 

 K. Jessup; "The Catskills," dated 1859, and 

 owned by W. T. Walters, of Baltimore; and 

 " Berkshire Hills," in the Hurlbut collection at 

 Cleveland. To the Centennial Exhibition at 

 Philadelphia Mr. Durand sent "Studies from 

 Nature," "II Pappagallo," "Kaaterskill Clove," 

 " A Brook Study," and a portrait of Gouverneur 

 Ivemble. In the official report he was spoken 

 of as having '' stimulated into activity a feeling 

 for landscape " in American art, and as " ex- 

 tremely sensitive and refined in his rendering 

 of landscape." He was formally commended 

 by the judges for "excellence in engraving." 

 Accounts of Durand's life and works may be 

 found in the "History of the Arts of Design 

 in the United States," by William Dunlap ; 



' Book of the Artists," by H. T. Tuckerman ; 



'American Engravers," by W. S. Baker; 



'American Painters," by G. W. Sheldon; 



'Art in America," by S. G. W. Benjamin; 



' Artists of the Nineteenth Century," by Clara 

 Erskine Clement and Laurence Hutton; and 

 "Cyclopaedia of Painters and Paintings," by 

 John D. Champlin, Jr. 



DYXAGIUP1I. (Greek Swapis, strength, and 

 yact$?7, a writing). In its practical application 

 the dynagraph is an instrument for automati- 

 cally recording the condition of a railway- 

 track. There is only one such instrument in 

 existence the invention of P. H. Dudley, 

 C. E., and it has satisfactorily reported upon 

 most of the principal railroad lines of the 

 United States. The dynagraph is mounted in a 

 private car fifty feet long, specially constructed 

 for the purpose, with long six-wheel trucks. 

 The after-half of the car is a work-room con- 

 taining the dynagraph and the various tables, 

 desks, and appliances requisite for supplement- 

 ing its automatic record. The forward end is 

 fitted for permanent quarters, and there Mr. 

 and Mrs. Dudley have made their home, ever 

 since the dynagraph was finished and put in 



working order. This compact little domestic 

 establishment is very interesting, aside from 

 the scientific and mechanical importance of 

 the adjoining workshop. In its exterior ap- 

 pearance as well as in its interior arrange- 

 ments the car is in strong contrast to the gor- 

 geous palaces on wheels of the great railway 

 magnates. It is eminently utilitarian in all its 

 details. Space is everywhere economized, and 

 ingenious contrivances for saving time and 

 grafting household duties upon the inexorable 

 demands of the dynagraph are a study in them- 

 selves. Mrs. Dudley is a musician, and her 

 piano is the most bulky article of furniture. 

 It is, as it were, built into the car itself, having 

 been taken out of its case and carried in before 

 the partitions were put up. Underneath are 

 chests of drawers and lockers, and overhead 

 and on every side are appliances for the stor- 

 age of clothing and household supplies. The 

 kitchen and dining-room are in one compart- 

 ment occupying the full width of the car, and 

 fitted with a tiny cooking- range, while the 

 necessary culinary utensils are packed with 

 intelligent ingenuity where they can be easily 

 reached, and are yet out of the way. Every- 



FIG. 1. THE DYNAGRAPH. 



thing is necessarily fitted so as to endure with- 

 out damage the perpetual shocks and jars inci- 

 dent to this peculiar home. Mrs. Dudley acts 

 as an efficient assistant to her husband when 

 the dynagraph is on duty, and is nearly as 

 familiar as he with its working details. Mr. 

 Dudley is a photographer and a chemist as 

 well as a mechanical engineer, and his office 

 and work-room is, if anything, a greater 

 marvel in its way than the domestic half of 

 the establishment. It occupies the rear end 

 of the car, so that the observer can watch 

 the performance of the dynagraph, and, if ne- 

 cessary, glance through the rear windows at the 

 track itself, if the automatic record indicates 

 anything unusual. Fig. 1 shows the prin- 

 ciple on which the dynagraph is constructed. 

 Details are omitted because it is impossible to 

 make them clear without reference to a work- 

 ing model. A and B are two drums, A carry- 

 ing a roll of paper 1,350 feet long and 30 inches 

 wide. The two drums are connected with 

 the axle of a pair of truck-wheels by means 

 of a vertical shaft, C, the connections being 

 made in the usual way by cogged- wheels, caus- 



