EDUCATION OF WOMEN. 



EGYPT. 



807 



In Canada, McGill University at Montreal, 

 Victoria at Coburg, Queen's at Kingston, Dal- 

 housie at Halifax, and University College at 

 Toronto, admit women, in full or in part, to 

 their courses. 



England has within a few years shown a 

 rapidly increasing interest in the superior ed- 

 ucation of women. University examinations 

 have for some time been open to women at 

 Cambridge and Durham. In 1884 a statute 

 was passed admitting them to honor examina- 

 tions at Oxford. University College, London, 

 admits them to most of its courses, as does 

 University College, Liverpool. The following 

 colleges are exclusively for women: In Lon- 

 don, Bedford College, Queen's College, Birk- 

 beck Literary and Scientific Institution, Hollo- 

 way College, completed in 1883, College of 

 Medicine for Women, and a department of 

 King's College for the higher education of 

 women. Outside of London: Girton College 

 and Newnham Hall, at Cambridge; Somer- 

 ville Hall and Lady Margaret Hall, at Oxford ; 

 Bristol University College, at Bristol ; Mason 

 Science College, at Birmingham; Woman's 

 College, annexed to Owen's College at Man- 

 chester ; and Yorkshire College, at Leeds. In 

 1884 Girton College reported the number of 

 students who had been in residence since it 

 was opened as 181. Of these, 80 obtained 

 honors according to the Cambridge University 

 standard : 28 in classics, 22 in mathematics, 14 

 in natural science, and one in theology. 



In Scotland, Edinburgh University and Glas- 

 gow University grant examinations for women. 

 Aberdeen University gives a higher education 

 certificate, and St. Andrews has founded the 

 degree of literate in arts, about equivalent to 

 master of arts. Queen Margaret College, es- 

 pecially for women, has recently been opened. 



In Ireland there are two colleges for women, 

 Queen and Alexandra, both at Dublin. The 

 Koyal University of Ireland and the Dublin 

 University give them examinations. 



Passing to the Continent, evidences of prog- 

 ress are apparent. In Austria-Hungary there 

 has been, it is true, a retrogression, the en- 

 trance of women to the university courses, 

 which was for a while permitted, being now 

 forbidden. In Germany also the Leipsic Uni- 

 versity, at which women were allowed to fol- 

 low the courses between 1871 and 1880, no 

 longer grants this privilege. At the other 

 universities women were never admitted. In 

 Belgium the University of Brussels admitted 

 women in 1881, and a few have been regularly 

 in attendance since then. The same is true of 

 the Universities of Li6ge and Ghent. In the 

 University of France women are admitted to 

 the courses of the different faculties. In 1882 

 -'83 the Faculty of Medicine numbered 50 fe- 

 male students. Italy has been the leader in 

 the liberal education of women. Cornaro Pis- 

 copia and Novella d' Andrea gave luster to the 

 University of Padua, and the University of 

 Bologna had a woman, Clotilde Tambroni, as 



Professor of Greek, up to 1817. At Turin, 

 Pavia, Padua, and Rome, diplomas have been 

 conferred on women in medicine, law, philoso- 

 phy, and natural science. Switzerland sur- 

 passes all the Continental countries in the num- 

 ber of woman students. In 1882-'83 there 

 were 52 women at the University of Geneva, 

 36 at Berne, and 24 at Zurich. The doctors' 

 diplomas given to women up to 1882, are 41 

 for medicine at Berne, and 25 at Zurich. At 

 Zurich the conditions of admission are severe, 

 requiring a sufficient knowledge of mathemat- 

 ics, and three languages, to pursue the proper 

 studies. In Spain and Portugal the universi- 

 ties are shut against women, though in the 

 latter country the subject of opening them is 

 under discussion. In the Netherlands there 

 are no enactments preventing the attendance 

 of women at the universities, and quite a num- 

 ber avail themselves of their privilege. In 

 Denmark and Norway the universities are 

 open to women, and in Sweden there are pro- 

 visions for their higher education. A woman 

 recently received the degree of doctor of phi- 

 losophy at the University of Upsala. 



EGYPT, a principality of Northern Africa, 

 tributary to Turkey. 



Area and Population. Egypt proper is con- 

 tained within the limits of the narrow valley 

 beginning at the cataract of Assouan, in 24 5' 

 23" north, where it has a width of about five 

 kilometres, spreading as the Nile descends to 

 an average of twenty- five to thirty kilometres, 

 and then widening into the large plain through 

 which the Nile flows in two branches and pours 

 into the Mediterranean in latitude 31 5'. The 

 Nile in its sinuous course from Assouan cov- 

 ers a distance of 1,415 kilometres. The length 

 of the delta from the point where it bifurcates 

 to the sea is 175 kilometres in a straight line, 

 and from Aboukir to the Peluse it has a width 

 of 250 kilometres. It has an area of 29,400 

 square kilometres, being nearly the exact size 

 of Belgium (29,455 kilometres). The amount 

 of land in the mondiriehs, exclusive of sandy 

 wastes and uninhabitable parts, is 5,977,423 

 feddant; to which may be added land growing 

 date-trees, surface of Nile from Wady Halfai 

 to the sea, surface of canals, railways, dikes 

 and roads, towns, fortifications, marshes, sand- 

 hills, lakes, etc., 7, 782,773 feddans. (A feddan 

 is nearly equal to an acre. Kharadji and ou- 

 chouri are terms denoting fiscal divisions of 

 land.) There has been no change in the aver- 

 age tax per feddan or oucnouri and Jcharadji,, 

 which, since the budget of 1884, was fixed at 

 5H piasters on the former and 128J piasters on 

 the latter. 



The agricultural population forms 61 per 

 cent, of the total, and the foreign element 

 1-34 per cent. This was so prior to the insur- 

 rection of 1882, but note must be taken of the 

 English army of occupation and the great num- 

 ber of Englishmen who have since entered the 

 civil service of the Government. The figures 

 in the last census, of 1882, must therefore be 



