308 



EGYPT. 



somewhat changed. At that time the total 

 number of foreigners resident in Egypt was 

 90,886. There were Greeks, 37,301 ; Italians, 

 18,665 ; French, 15,716 ; Austrians, 8,022 ; 

 English, 6,118 ; Germans, 948 ; other foreign- 

 ers, 4,116. The native population numbered 

 6,469,716 ; nomad, 245,779. Total, 6,715, 495. 

 The increase of the foreign population is chief- 

 ly in the cities of Alexandria and Cairo. The 

 last census gave Cairo 368,108; Alexandria, 

 208,755 ; Damietta, 34,046 ; Tantah, 33,725 ; 

 Mansourah, 26,784; Zagazig, 19,046; Kosetta, 

 16,671; Port Said, 16,560; Suez, 10,913. The 

 domain of Egypt prior to the revolt in the Sou- 

 dan extended to the Nile sources. The Gov- 

 ernment has withdrawn its lines as far north 

 as Assouan and Wady Halfai. 



Government. The administration of Upper 

 and Lower Egypt is divided into 14 moudiri- 

 ehs or provinces, which are placed under the 

 control of governors and sub-governors known 

 as Moudirs and Nazirs. The cities of Cairo, 

 Alexandria, Suez, Ismailia, Port Said, Kosetta, 

 and Damietta have each a governor and pre- 

 fect of police. 



A special body of gendarmes was formed 

 immediately after the insurrection of Arabi 

 Pasha, for service in the provinces, and also 

 for Alexandria and Cairo, and was placed un- 

 der the control of a director-general attached 

 to the Ministry of the Interior. This body is 

 still in the exercise of its functions, but it has 

 been found insufficient, and Moukhtar Pasha, 

 the Sultan's commissioner, recommends that 

 it be suppressed, -and that the ancient system 

 of the cawas be substituted, not only as a meas- 

 ure of economy, but the better to insure se- 

 curity, which leaves much to be desired. On 

 the 7th of January of this year the Khedive 

 found it necessary to issue a special decree in 

 each moudirieh for the repression of brigand- 

 age, and summary punishment was meted out 

 to the offenders. On the 1st of April, in the 

 provinces of Garbiah, Dakaliah, and Fayoum, 

 80 brigands were hanged, 21 were condemned 

 to penal servitude for life, and 40 to serve va- 

 rious terms of imprisonment. 



The Sheik-ul-Islam, who resides in Cairo, 

 is umpire between natives in all matters apper- 

 taining to minor disputes or criminal cases. 

 An attempt has been made to replace the 

 courts of the Cadi by native tribunals, formed 

 somewhat after the model of the Mixed Tribu- 

 nals; but the notorious venality of some of 

 the native judges has caused this intention to 

 be abandoned. The Mixed Tribunals, composed 

 of the Court of First Instance and a Court of 

 Appeals, the judges being chosen from all 

 nationalities as well as native Egyptians, have 

 successfully accomplished the object for which 

 they were formed, and have been prorogued 

 until the year 1889 by khedivial decree. 



The Egyptian ministry is at present com- 

 posed of five members, among whom the de- 

 partmental work is distributed as follows. 1. 

 President of Foreign Affairs. 2. Finance. 3. 



War, Marine, and Interior. 4. Public Works. 

 5. Education. Nubar Pashar is still President 

 of the Council of Ministers, most of whom have 

 been chosen for their conspicuous lack of char- 

 acter and capacity, the better to constitute them 

 what they are in fact, mere tools to assent to 

 whatever measure may be proposed by a min- 

 ister who himself is the creature of the army 

 of occupation. 



Notwithstanding the notoriously bad admin- 

 istration in Lower Egypt, the loss of the trade 

 of the Soudan, which has been absolutely shut 

 off by the insurrection of these provinces, to- 

 gether with the burden of the costs of an Eng- 

 lish army of occupation and civil employes 

 that swarm at exorbitant salaries in all the 

 departments, abundant harvests contributed to 

 produce a state of comparative prosperity for 

 1886, which was in marked contrast with pre- 

 ceding years. 



Army and Navy. The Egyptian army is still 

 an unknown quantity and in a transition state. 

 Negotiations to determine its standing and com- 

 position are still pending between Moukhtar 

 Pasha, the Sultan's commissioner, and Sir 

 Henry Drummond Wolff. Moukhtar has pro- 

 posed that the minimum of the army shall be 

 fixed at 18,000 men, at a cost of 100,000 to 

 150,000, to be recruited in Asia Minor and 

 Roumelia. The Sultan favors, however, an 

 army entirely Egyptian, commanded by Turk- 

 ish officers. The English, on the other hand, 

 claim that the majority of the officers shall be 

 English. Moukhtar proposes that the 200,000 

 accredited to England for the cost of her army 

 of occupation shall be applied to the mainte- 

 nance of the Egyptian army. England, as yet, 

 has refused to accept the proposition as to the 

 Turks, alleging that their immixture in Egyp- 

 tian affairs would destroy the work of forty years 

 of civilization. The navy consists of the lim- 

 ited number of war-vessels heretofore reported 

 without any addition, and scarcely merits par- 

 ticular mention. Egypt, therefore, has been 

 unable, even if she dared, to resist the seizures 

 of her territory that England has made during 

 the year. 



The English Occupation. Since the rebellion 

 in 1882, an English army of occupation has 

 remained in Egypt. Its strength at the end 

 of 1885 was 8,000 men, principally infantry. 

 France has on several occasions asked that 

 England should name a day when she would 

 leave Egypt; but up to this time no definite 

 answer has been made. Lord Salisbury, in 

 a speech at the Lord Mayor's banquet on 

 Nov. 10, 1886, said: "The different Cabi- 

 nets have all considered that our sojourn in 

 Egypt should not continue except for a limited 

 time only it is not a question of a limit of 

 time, but a limit to be marked by the achieve- 

 ment of the work undertaken. Egypt has no 

 longer any fear from invasion from the desert. 

 The amelioration of the interior has been rap- 

 id, order is established, and the finances offer 

 a most satisfactory prospective. But they are 



