370 



GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS AND DISCOVERY. 



cotton, rice, indigo, wheat, and coffee, and in- 

 troduced among them some knowledge of 

 weaving, hoot-making, and the manufacture of 

 wagons. He has established a hospital and a 

 weekly mail service, and has done something 

 toward the founding of schools. He is, more- 

 over, a scientist, and employs his leisure in 

 making meteorological observations, collecting 

 zoological and other specimens, and exploring 

 his province. In the first half of the year 1886 

 he made a journey to the western side of the 

 Albert Nyanza, crossed it, and returned by 

 another way, carefully surveying the entire 

 route. He has planned a complete survey of 

 the lake, perhaps with a view of attempting a 

 retreat in that direction in case the followers 

 of the Mahdi should undertake to attack his 

 province, using the steamer they have captured 

 at Khartoum. 



Emin Bey was one of the first to foresee the 

 troubles in the Soudan, but his advice as to the 

 best method of dealing with them was disre- 

 garded. After the fall of Khartoum, his com- 

 munication with Egypt was cut off. A route 

 might then have been opened from the coast 

 of Zanzibar, either to bring away Emin and 

 his troops, or to send them supplies for their 

 defense. In 1885, Dr. Fischer made an attempt 

 to relieve him, but was prevented by the hos- 

 tility of the King of Uganda. Emin has gradu- 

 ally retreated from Lado, his former head- 

 quarters, to Wadelai, farther up on the Nile, 

 near the Albert Nyanza, 



Intelligence has been received from time to 

 time through the year, by way of Mr. Mackay, 

 a missionary, of the movements of Emin and 

 his army, variously stated to consist of from 

 2,500 to 4,000 men. He was at one time re- 

 ported to be withdrawing from Lado toward 

 the eastern coast, and to have been compelled 

 by an attack of the Bakede to fortify himself 

 in their territory, to await help from Uganda 

 or Unjoro. It was hoped that the young King 

 of Uganda, Muanga, would be friendly to him. 

 But Muanga seems to have been completely 

 turned against all Europeans by Asiatic influ- 

 ence, and it is said that Mr. Mackay himself is 

 virtually a prisoner in the province. 



Emin's messages were at first intercepted, 

 but within the past year some letters have been 

 received. Of his men he wrote : " Deprived 

 of the most necessary things, for a long time 

 without any pay, my men fought valiantly ; 

 and when at last hunger weakened them, when 

 after nineteen days of incredible privations and 

 sufferings their strength was exhausted, and 

 when the last torn leather of the last boot had 

 been eaten, then they cut a way through the 

 midst of their enemies, and succeeded in saving 

 themselves." At the beginning of the year 

 1886 he wrote that he had ammunition for one 

 year; but from later advices it appears that 

 his supplies of ammunition, weapons, and other 

 necessaries were nearly exhausted in July. 

 He sent Captain Casati, the last European in 

 his province, to Unjoro in July to effect the 



opening of communication with the coast by 

 way of Karagwe ; but the King, Kabrega, dared 

 not make any agreement with him, through 

 fear of the King of Uganda. The relief expe- 

 dition can hardly reach him before the end of 

 seven or eight months, and his military stores 

 must already be exhausted. Stanley has not 

 yet declared what route he intends to take. 

 The one through the Massai country is the 

 shortest, about 820 miles in length, of which 

 Thomson explored all but 300. That through 

 Uganda is about 1,050 miles in length; and 

 the Congo route which has been proposed is 

 about 1,900 miles long, 200 of which is still 

 unexplored ; and if the Mobangi should prove 

 not to be identical with the Welle, the advance 

 from that direction might be cut off. The re- 

 cent seizure of Stanley Pool by the Arabs 

 would in any case interfere with the journey 

 up the Congo. 



Efforts are also made in Italy for a relief 

 expedition on account of Captain Casati, who 

 is still with Emin Pasha. The Milan Society 

 for Commercial Exploration, under whose au- 

 spices he went out, will co-operate with the 

 Scottish Geographical Society, and the Societd 

 Africana of Naples has planned an expedition 

 to be led by Captain Massari. 



The German East African Company is con- 

 tinuing to increase its lands with great success, 

 having added the district Nkhutu on the south, 

 and on the east the district of Usaramo, with 

 the important harbor of Dar-es-Salam, so that 

 its southern boundary is now the river Lufid- 

 schi, with its northern tributary the Rueba, 

 while on the north, since the addition of 

 Usambara, Pare, Aruscha, and Dsrhagga, it is 

 bordered by the great mass of Kilimandjaro. 

 Whether the company will succeed in culti- 

 vating this great territory depends on the re- 

 sult of the experiment to get the negroes ac- 

 customed to regular work. The proposed in- 

 troduction of coolies and Chinamen will not 

 settle the question, but will rather tend to 

 complicate it and endanger the success of the 

 undertaking. 



The attempt of the engineer L. Amelot to 

 cross the continent has come to an end with 

 his death, which occurred on the 1st of Decem- 

 ber, 1885, in consequence of the hardships of 

 the journey. 



Dr. K. Juhlke, one of the pioneers in East 

 African exploration, was murdered in Decem- 

 ber, 1886, in Kismaja. After he had taken 

 possession, in company with Dr. Peters, of the 

 districts Useguha, Nguru, Ukami, and Usagara 

 for the German East African Company in 1884, 

 he secured the district of Paugani up to Kili- 

 mandjaro in 1885. In August, 1886, he joined 

 the expedition on the steamer " Isolde/' and 

 in October took possession of the district of 

 Witu to the mouth of the Juba. 



Bishop Smithie returned to the east coast 

 from Lake Nyassa, where he had been at the 

 launching of the missionary steamer "Charles 

 Jaiison " at the station Matope. He took his 



