GERMANY. 





of other countries who resumed German natu- 

 ralization, and 3,841 foreigners naturalized, of 

 whom 334 were of American birth. The 

 number of emigrants in 1884 was 28,395, of 

 whom 23,200 went to the United States. 



Commerce and Industry. The total value of 

 imports in 1884 was 3,284,928,000 marks; of 

 exports, 3,269,401,000 marks. The imports of 

 specie and bullion, included in the above, were 

 24,125,000 marks, the exports, 64,462 marks. 

 Among the leading imports were wool, of the 

 value of 221,899,000 marks; cotton, 202,448,- 

 000 marks; silk, 139,225,000 marks; coffee, 

 122,219,000 marks ; wheat, 113,931, 000 marks; 

 rye, 113,464,000 marks; swine, 75,921,000 

 marks ; petroleum, 69,382,000 marks ; horses. 

 63,929,000 marks; barley, 63,372,000 marks; 

 woolen yarn, 57,898,000 marks; oats, 43,237,- 

 000 marks. Among the chief exports were 

 sugar, of the value of 184,258,000 marks ; uu- 

 printed cotton goods, 157,519,000 marks ; 

 mixed silk and cotton tissues, 123,126,000 

 marks ; fine leather goods, 96,308,000 marks ; 

 coal and coke, 70,673,000 marks; coarse cot- 

 ton goods, 46,892,000 marks; aniline dyes, 

 36,167,000 marks. 



The foreign commerce was divided among 

 the principal commercial nations in 1884 as 

 follows, the values being given in marks: 



The product of pig-iron in 1883 was 3,419,- 

 635 tons, against 3,380,806 tons produced in 

 1882, and 2,914,009 tons in 1881. The num- 

 ber of furnaces in blast was 258. 



Agriculture. Of the total area of Germany 

 only 6 per cent, is classed as unproductive. 

 The area under cultivation in 1883 was 64,- 

 990,561 acres ; grass and pasture lands, 27,033,- 

 122 acres; woods and forests, 34,334,512 acres ; 

 all other lands, 7,064,948 acres. The area under 

 grain-crops was 33,644,092 acres, producing 

 279,859,560 cwts. ; under potatoes, 7,178,475 

 acres; under sugar-beet, 347,882 acres ; under 

 grass, 14,565,417 acres. Of the beet-crop, 

 178,360,000 cwts., one half was manufactured 

 into sugar, yielding 18,900,000 cwts. Of raw 

 sugar and molasses, there were 55,408 acres 

 devoted to the cultivation of tobacco, producing 

 766,360 cwts. The crop of hops is about 230,- 

 000 cwts. annually one third of which is ex- 

 ported. The number of farms in 1882 was 

 5,276 344, supporting a population of 18,840,- 

 818. Of the total number of farms 2,323,316 

 were less than one hectare, or 2*47 acres, in 



extent, while the number exceeding 100 hec- 

 tares, or 247 acres, was 24,991. The total value 

 of the live-stock of Germany in January, 1883, 

 was reckoned at 5,944,511,000 marks. There 

 were 3,522,316 horses, 15,785,322 cattle, 19,- 

 185,362 sheep, 9,205,791 hogs, and 2,639,994 

 goats. In South Germany the forests cover 

 from 30 to 38 per cent, of the surface, and in 

 parts of Prussia 20 per cent. 



The quantities and values of the leading 

 mineral products of Germany in 1884 were as 

 follow : 



The production of pig-iron in 1883 was 

 3,583,315 tons, valued at 171,706,000 marks. 

 The number of furnaces in blast was 258. 



(Mutation. Elementary education is gratui- 

 tous and compulsory throughout Germany. In 

 the elementary schools there are 157 pupils 

 to every 1,000 inhabitants. Of the army re- 

 cruits in 1884 only 1'27 per cent, could neither 

 read nor write, and except in East and West 

 Prussia and Posen, where the proportion ranged 

 from 6'58 to 8*89 per cent., less than 1 per 

 cent. There were in 1883, besides the ele- 

 mentary schools, the normal schools, and the 

 gymnasia, 9 technical high-schools, with 4J29 

 students, 994 trade- schools, and many insti- 

 tutes for special studies. The statistics of the 

 21 universities of Germany for 1885 are given 

 in the following table: 



Finances. The imperial revenue and expendi- 

 ture for the year ending March 31, 1883 an-1 

 1884, and the budget estimates for 1884-'85, 

 1885-'86, and 1886-'87 are as follow : 



