GERMANY. 



387 



Of the estimated total revenue for the year 

 ending March 31, 1887, 391,601,070 marks are 

 derived from the customs duties and the branch- 

 es of internal-revenue duties that are reserved 

 to the Imperial Government, 30,387,000 marks 

 from stamps, 28,572,606 marks from posts and 

 telegraphs, 17,847,400 marks from railroads, 

 28,541,588 marks from the invalid and other 

 invested funds, 11,262,069 marks from the Im- 

 perial Bank, the printing - office, and various 

 departments, 53,659,317 marks from extraor- 

 dinary sources, and 144,010,594 marks from 

 the matricular contributions of the states. Of 

 the total expenditure, 345,231,701 marks are 

 assigned to the army, 37,398,928 marks to the 

 navy, 155,534,666 marks to the service of the 

 treasury, 18,302,500 marks to interest on the 

 debt, 26,961,588 marks to the administration of 

 the invalid fund, 21,850,075 marks to general 

 pensions, 82,203,177 marks to extraordinary ex- 

 penditures, and the remainder to the diplo- 

 matic service, the home office, etc. 



The imperial debt on Oct. 1, 1886, amounted 

 to 460,000,000 marks, bearing interest at 4 per 

 cent., besides the unfunded debt, represented 

 by treasury bills, which amounted in 1885 to 

 141,000,000 marks. The debt is offset by the 

 imperial funds for invalid pensions, fortress 

 construction, and the Parliament building, and 

 the war emergency treasure, which amount to 

 698,280,000 marks. 



The Army. By the Constitution of April 16, 

 1871, every German is liable to military serv- 

 ice, and no substitution is allowed. All who 

 are capable of bearing arms are enrolled in the 

 standing army for seven years, three in the 

 line and four in the reserve, and then for five 

 years in the Landvvehr. The number called 

 into actual service each year has been twice 

 fixed for the period of seven years by the 

 adoption of a military budget for that period 

 by the Reichstag. The Government has aimed 

 to fix the strength of the standing army at 1 

 per cent, of the population. The strength of 

 the standing army in 1886-'87 is 18,150 officers 

 and 427,274 men, with 81,773 horses and 1,374 

 guns. There are 161 regiments of infantry, 

 numbering 279,138 men; 20 battalions of Ja- 

 gers, making 11,056 men; and 4,776 depot 

 troops for 275 battalions of Landwehr ; making 

 294,970 infantry, besides 10,274 officers. The 

 93 regiments of cavalry number 2,358 officers 

 and 64,589 men ; 37 regiments of field-artillery, 

 1,801 officers, and 34,817 men; 14 regiments and 

 3 battalions of fortress-artillery, 729 officers and 

 16,349 men; 19 battalions of engineers, with 1 

 regiment and 1. company of railway troops, 

 421 officers and 10,849 men ; 18 battalions of 

 train, 200 officers and 4,825 men; the staff, 



2,053 officers and 59 men ; special services, 

 314 officers and 816 men. These figures are 

 exclusive of 1,686 surgeons, 737 paymasters, 

 619 veterinary surgeons, 737 armorers, and 737 

 saddlers. The annual recruit for the period 

 1881-'88 is about 160,000 men, not including 

 5,000 who are taken into the army under spe- 

 cial conditions as one - year volunteers, and 

 5,000 one-year volunteers who enter the ma- 

 rines. The war strength of the regular army is 

 35,400 officers, 1,500,000 men, 312,000 horses, 

 and 2,500 guns. The Landsturm, consisting of 

 all who have passed through the service under 

 the age of forty-two, and th e one-year volunteers, 

 who are not included in the above enumeration 

 raises the war-strength of the army to 2,650,- 

 000 men trained to arms, which number could 

 be increased to 5,670,000 by calling out all 

 classes capable of bearing arms. The strength 

 of an ordinary battalion is 544 men, which is 

 raised to 1,002 by calling out the reserves. 

 Three battalions of infantry form a regiment ; 

 two regiments a brigade ; and two brigades a 

 division, to which four squadrons of cavalry, 

 four batteries of artillery, each of 6 guns, and 

 a battalion of pioneers or riflemen are attached. 

 There are 17 army corps, capable of separate 

 mobilization, each consisting of two divisions 

 of infantry, a cavalry division of 4 regiments, 

 2 batteries of horse-artillery, and a reserve of 

 6 field- batteries and 1 mounted battery of ar- 

 tillery, with an extra battalion of pioneers and 

 a battalion of train. The infantry is being 

 rapidly provided with a form of repeating rifle 

 into which the Mauser rifle is converted by 

 changing the breech. These converted Mau- 

 sers hold ten cartridges in their magazines, 

 which are inserted in the stock. In the au- 

 tumn of 1886 the four army corps of the west- 

 ern frontier provinces were armed with the 

 improved weapon. 



On the opening of the Reichstag, on Nov. 

 26, 1886, the Government asked for a new 

 septennial budget for the period beginning with 

 April, 1887, though the septennate will not 

 expire till March 31, 1888. The measure was 

 declared to be urgent. In view of the politi- 

 cal situation the Emperor considered it neces- 

 sary for the security of the empire to have it 

 passed before Christmas. The ministers point- 

 ed out that the peace effective of the French 

 army is now greater than that of Germany. 

 The bill fixed the peace effective till 1894 at 

 468,409 men, exclusive of single-year volun- 

 teers, the infantry to consist of 534 battalions, 

 the cavalry of 465 squadrons, the field-artillery 

 of 364 batteries, the fortress-artillery of 131 

 batteries, the engineers of 1 18 battalions, and the 

 train of 118 battalions. The Liberal factions, 

 as on previous occasions, objected to rendering 

 the army independent of parliamentary grants 

 for so long a period. They were joined by the 

 Center party, who constituted with them a 

 decided majority. The Opposition asked the 

 Chancellor to explain by what financial means 

 he proposed to support so large an addition to 



