392 



GERMANY. 



GOUGH, JOHN BARTHOLOMEW. 



Sultan of Zanzibar and the German possessions 

 in East Africa was settled by treaty. As a 

 favor to Spain, the right to establish a German 

 station in the Caroline Islands was given up, 

 but more valuable places were secured in the 

 Marshall and Providence groups, and depots 

 erected there. 



One of the last acts of the Reichstag, which 

 closed its session on June 26, was to approve 

 a convention with Great Britain for the pro- 

 tection of authors' rights in works of literature 

 and art. Switzerland wished a revision of the 

 customs treaty, but was induced to postpone 

 the negotiations. 



On Sept. 17 the Reichstag was called to- 

 gether for a special session in order to take 

 action on a new commercial treaty with Spain. 

 The representatives from iron-producing dis- 

 tricts feared the competition of Spanish iron. 

 The treaty was, however, accepted, and the 

 extraordinary session closed on Sept. 20. The 

 Social-Democrats desired to interpellate the 

 Government with regard to whether the Chan- 

 cellor had agreed to the deposition of Prince 

 Alexander and the extension of Russian influ- 

 ence in the Balkan Peninsula, and whether the 

 German Government had brought pressure to 

 prevent the punishment of the Bulgarian trai- 

 tors. But the Government refused to answer 

 questions regarding foreign politics. 



Bavaria. The scandal of King Lud wig's 

 debts, which, after being once settled by a state 

 loan, again amounted to millions, drove the 

 ministry to interfere and transfer the royal 

 authority to a Regent after the King had been 

 judically pronounced non cornpos mentis. There 

 was no question of the King's lunacy among 

 those best informed, although it had often 

 been publicly denied. The ministers were 

 averse to confiding the control of the Govern- 

 ment to Prince Luitpold, because they feared 

 that he would endeavor to bring about an 

 Ultramontane reaction. After the King had 

 been declared insane and placed under re- 

 straint, there was danger of civil disturbances, 

 and public excitement reached a high pitch 

 when, three days later, the insane monarch 

 drowned himself. (See LUDWIG, KING, OF BA- 

 VARIA.) 



^The Bavarian Highlanders were not con- 

 vinced before nor after the death of the King 

 that he was insane, though the fact was es- 

 tablished beyond question by an autopsy. He 

 had shown himself to them kind and generous, 

 though uncommunicative and suspicious to- 

 ward all other people. Many of the peasant- 

 ry flocked to Munich, under the impression 

 that a great wrong had been done to their 

 friend and monarch, who, if insane at all, had 

 been made so by being deposed and placed 

 under restraint. Certain base politicians en- 

 couraged this dangerous feeling, which threat- 

 ened to lead to civil disturbances. The suc- 

 cessor of Ludwig II is his brother Otto, born 

 April 27, 1848, who has been for years a hope- 

 less lunatic. The taint of insanity does not 



come from the Wittelsbach family, but from 

 the Hohenzollerns, through their mother, who 

 was a daughter of Prince Wilhelm of Prussia. 

 Prince Luitpold, the next heir to the throne, 

 assumed the regency upon the decision of a 

 commission de lunatico inquirendo, on June 9. 

 He is the uncle of the two insane kings, and 

 the third son of Ludwig I, is sixty-five years 

 olvl, and has served as a field-marshal and in 

 various political capacities. 



Dr. von Lutz, the Prime Minister, and his 

 colleagues, offered their resignations, but were 

 asked to retain their posts by the Regent. 



GOUGH, John Bartholomew, an American ora- 

 tor, born in Sandgate, Kent, England, Aug. 25 

 1817; died in Frankford, Pa., Feb. 18, 188( 

 The family consisted of the father and mothei 

 John, and one sister; and they were suppoi 

 by the mother, who was the village school-mis- 

 tress, her slender salary being eked out, during 

 John's babyhood, by a small pension received 

 by the father for service as a private soldier 

 during the Peninsular war. This ceased at his 

 death, and the mother struggled along, giving 

 her boy instruction in the rudiments of edu- 

 cation, until he was twelve years old, when an 



JOHN B. GOUGH. 



opportunity offered to send him to seek a bet- 

 ter fortune in the New World, with a company 

 of his mother's friends, who promised to take 

 charge of and assist him until he should have 

 learned a trade and become seif-supporting. 

 The mother raised ten guineas, and in August, 

 1829, the boy landed in New York. The fam- 

 ily that brought him settled in Oneida County, 

 where young Gough was placed on a farm, on 

 which he worked for two years. At the end 

 of that time he obtained employment in the 

 binding department of the Methodist Book 

 Concern, in New York city. Here he learned 

 the trade of book-binder, and sent for his 



