436 



INDIA. 



Area and Population. The area of the British 

 possessions in India is 874,220 square miles, 

 and the population in 1881 was 198,755,993. 

 Besides the provinces under direct British ad- 

 ministration, there are a number of feudatory 

 or native states, having an area of 509,284 

 square miles, and a population of 55,150,456, 

 making the total area under British control 

 1,383,504 square miles, with a population of 

 253,982,598. Of these, 129,997,810 were males 

 and 123,984,788 females. The British -born 

 population, exclusive of the army, amounted 

 in 1881 to 89,798, of whom 77,188 were males 

 and 12,610 females. The area and population 

 of states and groups of states were as follow : 



LANGUAGES. Population. 



Sindhi 3,718,961 



Burmese 2.611.467 



Hindi 1,880,777 



Assamese 1,361 ,759 



Kol 1,140,489 



Sonthali 1,130,509 



Gondi 1,079,565 



Pushtu and Afghani 915,714 



Karen 553,848 



The Central Indian Agency embraces 82 sep- 

 arate states ; the Rajpootana Agency, 20 ; the 

 Punjaub, 36; the Central Provinces, 15. In 

 Bombay, there are 20 ; in Madras, 5 ; in Ben- 

 gal, 4 ; in the Northwest Provinces, 2. 



The leading languages of India, with the 

 numbers who speak them, are as follow : 



LANGUAGES. Population. 



Hindustani 82,497, 168 



Bengali 38,965,428 



Telugu 17,000,358 



Mahratti 17.044,634 



Punjabi 15,754,793 



Tamil 13,063,279 



Guzarati 9,620,688 



Canarese 8,837,027 



Ooriya 6,819,112 



Malayalum 4,848,400 



Of the total population under British rule, 

 or suzerainty, 69,952,647 persons, including 

 19,000,000 females, are directly employed in 

 agriculture; 21,943,019, of whom 8,184,508 are 

 females, in handicrafts and industry; 2,149,629 

 males and 651,966 females are employed as 

 domestic servants ; 791,379 males and 17,764 fe- 

 males in offices connected with local administra- 

 tion ; 311,070 males and 1,682 females are con- 

 nected with the army; 601,164 males and 94,- 

 251 females are engaged in offices connected 

 with religion ; 983,869 males and 124,409 fe- 

 males in mercantile employments; 886,148 

 males and 286,464 females as general dealers ; 

 1,123,438 males and 18,378 females in trans- 

 portation ; and 7,248,491 males and 5,244,206 

 females as laborers. 



The following towns contain over 100,000 

 inhabitants: Calcutta, \\ith suburbs, 871,504; 

 Bombay, 773,196; Madras, 405,848; Hydera- 

 bad, 354,692; Lucknow, 261,303; Benares, 

 199,700; Delhi, 173,393; Patnn, 170,654; 

 Agra, 160,203; Bangalore, 155,857; Amritsar, 



151,896 ; Cawnpore, 151,444; Lahore, 149,369 ; 

 Allahabad, 148,547; Jeypoor, 142,578; Ran- 

 goon, 134,176; Poona, 129,751; Ahmenabad, 

 127,621; Surat, 113,417; Bareilly, 109,844; 

 Baroda, 101,818. 



The number of emigrants in 1885 was 22,- 

 384, of whom 4,109 went to Mauritius, 3,548 

 to Natal, 6,304 to British Guiana, 3,933 to the 

 British West Indies, 2,316 to Fiji, 495 to the 

 French West Indies, and 1,679 to Surinam. 



Education. The total expenditure on educa- 

 tion in India in 1884 was 2,164,918. There 

 are three universities, and in 1884 there passed 

 1,739 candidates for admission to the Univer- 

 sity of Madras; 1,265 to the University of 

 Calcutta, and 599 to the University of Bombay. 

 These universities grant degrees in arts, law, 

 medicine, and civil engineering. There were 

 also, in 1884, 95 colleges, having 8,717 stu- 

 dents ; 105,514 institutions for general instruc- 

 tion, with 3,854,987 pupils ; 309 institutions 

 for special education, with 11,404 pupils, and 

 26,874 private schools, with 340,610 pupils. 



Commerce. The total value of the imports of 

 merchandise during 1884-'85 was 55,702,000, 

 against 55,279,000 in 1883-'84; the value of 

 the exports, 83,170,000, against 88,090,000. 

 The imports of specie were 13,888,000 ; the 

 exports, 1,969,000. The imports of textile 

 manufactures amounted to 27,907,000. Other 

 manufactured articles were imported to the 

 amount of 4,552,000. The exports of textiles 

 were of the value of 6,641. Textile materials 

 were exported to the amount of 19,450,000. 

 The imports of tea, coffee, spices, and sugar 

 were 3,069,000 in value, and the exports 

 6,731,000. The exports of rice, paddy, and 

 cereals were 13,502,000; of seeds and fruits, 

 10,764,000. The imports of beverages were 

 1,218,000; of coal, 1,266,000; of metals, 

 4,779,000. The imports of drugs, oils, and 

 gums were 1,007,000 ; exports, 6,287,000. 



The imports, during the year 1885-'86, in- 

 cluding specie, amounted to 67,289,381 ; the 

 exports to 84,915,677. The merchandise 

 movement was smaller, but there was a slight 

 increase in the total volume of trade, owing 

 to a larger importation of treasure. Over 55 

 per cent, of the total trade was with Gr 

 Britain, and 12 per cent, with China and Hon$ 

 Kong. The exports of cotton manufactures t( 

 China are increasing, especially of yarn, of 

 which 68,500,000 pounds, valued at 2,392,500, 

 were exported in 1885-'86. The tea export 

 chiefly to England, were 68,784,249 pounds. 



Wheat - Culture. The Northwest Provinc 

 and Oude are the main seat of wheat-culth 

 tion. They comprise an alluvial plain, 106,11] 

 square miles in extent. The soil is clay and 

 sand, entirely free from stones. Two crops 

 are grown during the year. The farmers use the 

 rudest implements. With the small and ill-fed 

 cattle of the country, only three quarters of_ 

 acre can be broken daily by a plowman, 

 ground is plowed over twenty times, and the 

 earth pulverized by dragging a log of wood 



