452 



ITALY. 



and Campania rent is usually paid in money. 

 Sicily, Calabria, Basilicata, and Latium furnish 

 the great majority of the day-laborers, who 

 are miserably paid. In Sardinia, Umbria, La- 

 tium, Basilicata, and Calabria, cattle-breeding 

 is carried on largely. The number of artisans 

 in Italy, in 1881, was 4,416,679, including 739,- 

 889 employers and unpaid assistants. The 

 number of persons dependent on trades and 

 industrial occupations is estimated at 7,300,000, 

 or one fourth of the total population. 



Commerce. The total value of the imports in 

 1885, including precious metals, was 1,575,- 

 200,000 lire or francs ; of the exports, 1,134,- 

 300,000 lire. The imports of cereals were 

 175,400,000 lire in value; exports, 42,700,000 

 lire ; imports of beverages, 28,400,000 exports, 

 61,400,000 lire ; imports of colonial produce, 

 101,300,000 lire; of tobacco, 20,800,000 lire; 

 imports of seeds, fruits, and roots, 24,600,000 

 lire, exports 69,200,000 lire ; imports of ani- 

 mals and animal-food products, 105,700,000 

 lire, exports 100,300,000 lire; the total im- 

 ports of articles of consumption, 456,200,000 

 lire, the total exports 278,000,000 lire. The 

 imports of textile materials amounted to 164,- 

 900,000 lire, the exports to 310,300,000 lire; 

 the total imports of raw materials to 434,400,- 

 000 lire, and the total exports to 414,400,000 

 lire. The imports of manufactured products 

 were 409,200,000 lire in value, and the exports 

 143,600,000 lire. The imports of drugs, chemi- 

 cals, oils, and all other articles amounted to 

 247,800,000 lire, and the exports to 288,000,- 

 000 lire. The imports of precious metals were 

 27,600,000 lire, and the exports 10,300,000 lire. 

 The commercial intercourse with the principal 

 foreign countries is shown in the following 

 table, giving the imports and exports, in lire : 



Navigation. The number of vessels entered 

 at Italian ports during 1885 was 113,051, of 

 18,441,308 tons; the number cleared 112,334, 

 of 18,358,420 tons, the number entered with 

 cargoes 82,447, of 14,977,227 tons; tbe num- 

 ber cleared with cargoes 76,920, of 11,620,563 

 tons. Of the entries, 16,912 were employed 

 in foreign trade, with a tonnage of 5,902,982 ; 

 and of these 9,847, of 1,453,423 were Italian. 

 The number of steamers was 5,390, of 4,753,607 

 tons, of which 937,741,447 tons were Italian. 

 The coasting-vessels entered numbered 96,139, 

 of 12,538,326 tons, of which 91,830 of 9,163,- 

 195 tons were Italian. The number of sailing- 

 vessels registered in the kingdom on Jan. 1, 



1886, was 7,111, of 828,819 tons; the number 

 of steam- vessels 225, of 124,600 tons; total 

 7,336, of 953,419 tons. 



Railroads. The railroads on Dec. 31, 1884, 

 had a total length of 9,916 kilometres. The 

 receipts in 1884-'85 amounted to 210,745,931 

 lire, and the expenses to 158,645,228 lire. The 

 cost of construction up to Dec. 31,1884, was 

 2,875,064,284 lire. 



The Post-Office. The number of letters sent 

 through the mails in 1884-'85 was 195,179,324, 

 including postal-cards; the number of circu- 

 lars, etc., 173,250,108. The receipts of the 

 post-office were 38,111,518, the expenses 33,- 

 204,415 lire. 



Telegraphs. The length of telegraph lines at 

 the close of 1884 was 29,188 kilometres, that 

 of wires 103,080 kilometres, not including 186 

 kilometres of submarine cable. The number 

 of paid internal dispatches in 1884 was 5,652,- 

 278 ; of foreign dispatches, 568,271, not in- 

 cluding 174,937 in transit. The receipts were 

 12,393,886 lire in 1884; the expenses for serv- 

 ice, 9,998,892; for maintenance, 183,440; ex- 

 traordinary, 294,714 lire. 



The Army. The effective strength of the 

 permanent army was officially reported for 

 Jan. 1, 1886, to be 892,687 men of all ranks, 

 including 295,341 infantry, 26,590 Alpine 

 troops, 46,243 bersaglieri, 300,996 district 

 troops, 34,001 cavalry, 97,923 artillery, 23,203 

 engineers, 24,496 carabinieri, 14,112 officers 

 active and on leave, 3,431 complimentary 

 officers, and 3,563 officers of the reserves, be- 

 sides the sanitary corps, drill troops, etc. The 

 mobile militia numbered 365,717 officers and 

 men, including the auxiliary services, and the 

 territorial militia 1,128,928, making the total 

 war effective 2,387,332. In December, 1886, 

 the Chamber authorized the Minister of War 

 to increase the regular artillery forces, which 

 will have altogether about 1,100 guns. The 

 minister said that in case of war Italy would 

 be able to place in the field 500,000 well- 

 armed regular troops. 



The land frontier is protected by fortifica- 

 tions constructed or in process of construction, 

 in the principal passes of the Alps, according 

 to a plan adopted in 1874. The coasts are 

 strongly fortified, and a circle of forts is in 

 process of construction for the protection of 

 Rome. Spezzia, the principal naval arsem" 

 is being fortified at an expense of 4,000,0 

 lire. 



The Navy. The Italian navy possesses 

 most powerful and heavily armored ships 

 the world. The "Duilio" and "Dandolo" 

 are of the central citadel type, not so strongly 

 protected as the British " Inflexible," but su- 

 perior in speed, and carrying heavier guns. 

 The largest vessels are the "Italia" and 

 "Lepanto," which are to have twice the en- 

 gine-power of any war-ship yet constructed, 

 with a speed of eighteen knots. They have 

 no side-armor, but thick inclined deck-armor, 

 and vertical armor to protect the barbette 



