MADAGASCAR. 



517 



resident, with a guard at Antananarivo, who 

 should preside over international relations, 

 adjust litigation between French and Hovas in 

 conjunction with a Malagasy judge, and judge 

 Frenchmen according to their own law. The 

 French were to enjoy freedom in respect to 

 holding land and engaging laborers, and relig- 

 ious toleration. No war indemnity was to be 

 demanded, but $200,000 was to be paid as 

 compensation for damages, and Mojanga or 

 Tamatave held until the claim should be set- 

 tled. The French were to assist Madagascar 

 in case of war ; to furnish engineers and in- 

 structors ; and to retain the posts occupied 

 from Anorontsanga to Vohemaro. M. Bau- 

 dais, with the approval of Admiral Miot, had 

 made unauthorized propositions to the Hova 

 Government through M. Maigrot, the Italian 

 consul at Antananarivo. When M. Patrimonio 

 arrived at Tamatave on Oct. 16, 1885, finding 

 that his predecessor had prejudiced the claims 

 of the republic by irresponsible concessions, 

 he returned to Zanzibar until the Hovas should 

 make fresh advances to secure peace. Ad- 

 miral Miot received an admonition to act in 

 concert with the new consul-general. In No- 

 vember he was summoned again to Tamatave, 

 and was given full powers to negotiate a peace, 

 either alone or with Admiral Miot. 



Treaty of Peace. The French were convinced 

 by the campaign of 1885 that the conquest of 

 Madagascar was impracticable. The Hovas 

 constantly improved in the use of European 

 weapons, with which they were well supplied, 

 and under the lead of English officers had be- 

 come formidable adversaries. In June, 1885, 

 a force set out under Col. Shervinton against 

 the Sakalavas and French on the northwest 

 coast. Cutting a road through the forests, 

 they captured and sacked Jangoa, and routed 

 another force at Befitna, consisting of 250 

 French troops, with three mitrailleuses and 

 some ill-armed Sakalava auxiliaries. The Hovas 

 numbered 400, and had one machine-gun. The 

 victorious troops returned to Antananarivo on 

 October 1. In one of the last engagements 

 3,000 Frenchmen made three desperate charges 

 upon some earthworks, and lost sixty men in 

 the vain attempt to storm the position. On 

 Dec. 14, 1885, peace negotiations were opened, 

 and on the 17th a treaty of peace was signed 

 with Gen. Willoughby, the Hova plenipoten- 

 tiary, on board the "Nai'de." The cruiser 

 "Neilly" was instantly dispatched to Zanzi- 

 bar, whence the news was sent that enabled 

 M. de Freycicet on Dec. 22, 1885, to save the 

 Government from defeat by announcing that 

 the Hovas had accepted a peace recognizing a 

 | French protectorate. On Dec. 2Y he sent a dis- 

 patch to the French ambassadors in Europe and 

 America, saying that the treaty made no change 

 in the rights secured to foreign powers by former 

 treaties. The text of the treaty is as follows : 



i-Qsent 



The Government of the French Eepublic will rep- 

 it Madagascar in all its foreign relations. The 



Malagasies abroad will be placed under the protection 

 of France. 



2. A resident representing the Government of the 

 Eepublic will control the foreign relations of Mada- 

 gascar > without interfering in the internal administra- 

 tion of the country. 



3. He will reside at Antananarivo with a military 

 guard, and will be entitled to be received in private 

 personal audience by the Queen. 



4. The Malagasy authorities under the Queen will 

 not intervene in questions arising between French 

 subjects, or between French and foreign subjects. 

 Actions at law between Frenchmen and Malagasies 

 will be tried by the resident, assisted by a Malagasy 

 judge. 



5. Frenchmen will live under French law as regards 

 the punishment of crimes and offenses committed in 

 Madagascar. 



6. French subjects may freely reside, travel, and 

 carry on trade throughout the Queen's dominions ; 

 they will be entitled to lease for undetermined periods 

 or to take leases for long periods, renewable at tho 

 sole pleasure of the contracting parties, land, houses, 

 shops, and all other descriptions of real property, and 

 may freely engage and take into their service on any 

 footing any Malagasy subject who may be unhin- 

 dered by previous engagements. Leases and con- 

 tracts with work-people will be certified in due form 

 before the French resident and the magistrates of the 

 country, and the strict execution of the provisions ot 

 such instruments will be guaranteed by the Govern- 

 ment. At the death of a Frenchman who may have 

 been the tenant of any landed or house property, his 

 heirs will have the benefit of the remaining term of the 

 lease concluded by the deceased, with the power of 

 renewing the same. Frenchmen will only be called 

 upon for the land-tax paid by the Malagasies. No 

 person shall have access to the property or enter the 

 establishments or houses occupied by Frenchmen or 

 by any person in their service, except with the sanc- 

 tion o'f the French resident. 



Y. The Queen expressly confirms the guarantees 

 stipulated by the treaty of Aug. 7, 1885, in favor of 

 liberty of conscience and religious toleration. 



8. The Queen's Government undertakes to pay the 

 sum of 10,000,000 francs to be applied in the settle- 

 ment of French claims liquidated before the last war, 

 and in compensation for the damages suffered by for- 

 eign subjects by reason of that war. The investiga- 

 tion and settlement of these indemnities is left to the 

 French Government. 



9. Until payment in full of the above-mentioned 

 sum, French troops will occupy Tamatave. 



10. No claim will be admitted in connection with 

 the measures taken up to the present by the French 

 military authorities. 



11. The Government of the French Eepublic un- 

 dertakes to lend assistance to the Queen for the de- 

 fense of her states. 



12. The Queen will continue as heretofore to pre- 

 side over the internal administration of the whole 

 island. 



13. In consideration of these engagements, the 

 French Eepublic agrees to desist from any renewal of 

 its demand for a war indemnity. 



14. The Government of the French Eepublic, in 

 order to aid the advance of the Malagasy Government 

 and people on the path of civilization and progress, 

 undertakes to place at the Queen's disposal the mili- 

 tary instructors, engineers, professors, and artisan 

 foremen, whose services may be applied for. 



15. The Queen expressly undertakes to treat with 

 good-will the Sakalavas and Antankares agreeably to 

 the information on this subject furnished by the French 

 Government. The Government of the republic re- 

 serves to itself the right of occupying the Bay of 

 Diego Suarez and of creating there the establishments 

 that it may consider desirable. 



16. The President of the French Eepublic and the 

 Queen grant a general and complete amnesty, accom- 



