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OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



Senate he was a member of the Committee on 

 Post - Offices and Post - Roads. He served 

 throughout the war as a member of the Con- 

 federate Congress, and at its termination he 

 was confined for some time as a prisoner of 

 state in Fort Pulaski. At one time he was 

 President of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad in 

 Florida, but for a number of years had em- 

 ployed himself with farming. 



OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. Aigner, Joseph, a 

 German painter, born in 1815 ; died Feb. 19, 

 1886. He had acquired some fortune and 

 reputation as a painter when the Revolution 

 of 1848 broke out. His popularity caused his 

 election as commandant of the Insurgent 

 Academy Legion, an honor that afterward led 

 to his arrest by Prince Windischgratz's orders. 

 He was tried by a court-martial and sentenced 

 to death, but, by the intercession of some ladies 

 of the Austrian aristocracy, he was pardoned. 

 Some years later Prince Windischgratz sat to 

 him for a portrait. The grim old hero asked 

 Aigner why he had been sentenced to be shot, 

 and Aigner replied, "If your Highness has for- 

 gotten, I shall do well not to remind you." 



Aksakoir, Ivan Sergervich, a Russian journal- 

 ist, born in the province of Orenburg, Oct. 7, 

 1823 ; died in Moscow, Feb. 9, 1888. He was 

 educated in the St. Petersburg School of Ju- 

 risprudence, and began his public career in 

 the Moscow Senate, served afterward in the 

 Ministry of the Interior, and held other public 

 offices. After serving as a volunteer in the 

 Crimean War, he returned to Moscow in 1858, 

 and began his literary career as editor of the 

 " Besieda." He afterward started the " Day," 

 " Moskva," and other papers. His last journal 

 was the " Russ." M. Aksakoff received many 

 warnings from St. Petersburg on account of 

 the opinions he expressed against the foreign 

 policy of the Government in regard to Bul- 

 garia. He wielded an enormous power from 

 Moscow during the last Eastern crisis, preced- 

 ing the war of 1878, at which time he was 

 President of the Moscow Slavonic Society, 

 organized the Bulgarian militia in Bessarabia, 

 and supplied them with arms, the gifts of pri- 

 vate subscribers. 



Amos, Sheldon, an English judge in Egypt, 

 born in England about 1837; died near Alex- 

 andria, Egypt, Jan. 2, 1886. In 1859 he was 

 graduated at Clare College, Cambridge, de- 

 voted himself to law, and was called to the 

 bar in 1862. He was Professor of Jurispru- 

 dence at University College, London, after- 

 ward resided in Australia and Egypt, and 

 after the reorganization of the criminal ad- 

 ministration he was appointed English judge 

 of the new native Court of Appeals. He was 

 the author of many legal treatises. 



Anderson, Sir John, a British inventor, born 

 at Woodside, near Aberdeen, Scotland, in 

 1814; died at St. Leonard-on-the-Sea, July 

 28, 1886. He was employed for ten years 

 in the engineering department of a cotton- 

 mill. In 1839 he left Woodside for Green- 



wich, and in 1842 was appointed to take charge 

 of the brass-guu foundry at Woolwich Arse- 

 nal. Here he set himself to introduce re- 

 forms, revolutionizing the system of working, 

 and inventing new machines to be used in the 

 construction of cannon and in the casting of 

 rifle-bullets. One bullet-machine invented by 

 him turned out 40,000 bullets an hour, at the 

 cost of 5$d. a thousand, whereas by the other 

 method of casting they cost 5s. a thousand. 

 He also invented a machine for grinding. He 

 roused a strong opposition in the gun-trade in 

 London and Birmingham by the statement 

 that he could produce five hundred muskets 

 a day ; but after he presented his plans to the 

 Government, a factory was established at En- 

 field, and he produced 100,000 muskets with 

 bayonets complete, at a cost of less than 2 

 apiece. In 1859 the English Government 

 undertook the manufacture of Armstrong 

 guns, and he was chosen to superintend the 

 work. He was appointed inspector of ma- 

 chinery, served as a juror at the International 

 Exhibitions at London, Paris, and Vienna, in 

 1864, 1867, and 1873, and was at the head of 

 the British jurors at the Philadelphia Exhibi- 

 bition of 1876 and in Paris in 1878. In recog- 

 nition of his services at the exhibitions, he 

 was nominated a Companion of the Order of 

 Francis Joseph of Austria, and also made an 

 officer of the Legion of Honor. He was 

 knighted in 1878. In 1881 he presented to his 

 native city a free library, which cost 6,000. 



Archer, Frederick James, an English jockey, 

 born in Prestbury, near Cheltenham, England, 

 Jan. 11, 1856; died in Newmarket, Nov. 8, 

 1886. He was the son of a cross-country 

 rider, and from earliest childhood was at 

 home on the back of a donkey or pony. His 

 first winning mount was a steeple-chase at 

 Bangor, when he was eleven years old. In 

 1868 he was apprenticed to Matthew Dawson, 

 of Newmarket, and almost immediately began 

 his racing career. His first great victory was 

 the Cesarewitch stakes, run in 1872, riding 77 

 pounds. Soon afterward he became Lord 

 Falmouth's chief jockey, in whose employ he 

 won some of his most famous victories. He 

 won the Derby in 1877, in 1880, in 1881, in 

 1885, and in 1886 ; the French Derby in 1880 

 and in 1883; and the Grand Prix of Paris in 

 1882. His record includes 2,749 winnings, 

 and at the time of his death he had ridden 

 more horses than any jockey living. He ac- 

 quired a large fortune. 



Assolant, Alfred, a French novelist and critic, 

 born at Aubusson in 1827; died in Paris, 

 March 6, 1886. He was educated at the Ecole 

 Normale, and for some time was Professor of 

 History in various schools. He subsequently 

 embraced the journalistic profession. He went 

 to the United States, and, after returning to 

 France, published his experiences under vari- 

 ous forms in the " Revue des Deux Mondes." 

 In addition to writing many novels, he was 

 also a contributor to the *' Presse," the " Gau- 



