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OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



Messner, Joseph, an Austrian sculptor, born 

 in Oberndorf, near Klagenfurt, Carinthia, in 

 1840; died there, Nov. 15, 1886. He was 

 trained as an ornamental watchmaker, and 

 showed such artistic talent that his master 

 begged the sculptor Gasser to take him as a 

 pupil. But Gasser refused, saying he was 

 much surer of making a competence as a watch- 

 maker than as a sculptor. He made his way 

 to Munich, where his ability was recognized 

 at once, and, without any preparatory train- 

 ing, he was taken into the Academy of Arts 

 under Prof. Wittmann, and worked there for 

 some years. In 1871 he went to Rome, and in 

 1880 removed to Vienna. 



Meyer, Johann Georg, genre painter, born in 

 1813; died in Berlin, Germany, Dec. 6, 1886. 

 This famous artist, better known as Meyer von 

 Bremen, from his birthplace, studied at the 

 academy at Dusseldorf, but settled in Berlin 

 in 1852. He first devoted himself to Biblical 

 subjects. Prominent among his works of this 

 class are "Christ "Weeping over Jerusalem," 

 " Abraham and Sarah," " Hagar and Ishmael," 

 and u The Death of Moses." Afterward he 

 confined himself mainly to domestic scenes and 

 figures, especially of children. On this ac- 

 count he carne to be known as the Kinder- 

 Meyer. Many of his pictures have been repro- 

 duced in etchings. His works have sold large- 

 ly in the United States. 



Miehelis, Friedrich, a German Old Catholic 

 leader, born in Munster, Westphalia, July 27, 

 1815 ; died in Freiburg in 1886. He was edu- 

 cated at the Munster Theological Seminary, 

 and ordained a Catholic priest in 1838. At 

 the Assembly of Catholic Theologians at Mu- 

 nich, in 1861, he was accused of disobedience 

 and revolt against Papal authority. For many 

 years he was an opponent of the dogma of 

 Papal infallibility, and was excommunicated 

 in 1870 for refusing to accept that doctrine 

 after its promulgation by the Vatican Council, 

 and joined with Dr. Dollinger and other Ger- 

 man Catholics in founding the Old Catholic 

 Church. He sat in the Prussian Chamber of 

 Deputies in 1856-'67 as an opponent of the 

 policy of Chancellor Bismarck. Among his 

 many works are " An Exposition of the First 

 Two Chapters of Genesis" (1845); " A Criti- 

 cism of the Philosophy of Gtinther " (1854) ; 

 " Nature and Revelation " (1 855) ; " The Ec- 

 clesiastical View of Natural Science" (1855); 

 " The Philosophy of Plato and its Relations to 

 Revealed Truth" (1860); "Church or Party" 

 (1865) ; " A History of Philosophy from 

 Thales to Our Time " (1867) ; " Fifty Theses on 

 the Situation of Church Affairs at the Present 

 Time" (1867); "Papal Infallibility in the 

 Light of Catholic Truth " (1869) ; " The Temp- 

 tation of Christ and the Temptation of the 

 Church" (1870); "Kant, before and after 

 1870 " (1871) ; " Hackelogeny " (1876), an at- 

 tack upon the theories of Haeckel and Dar- 

 win ; and " The Philosophy of Consciousness" 

 (1877), opposing the views of Hartmann. 



Miller, Emmanuel, a French palseographist, 

 born in Paris in 1812; died in Nice, Jan. 9, 

 1886. He entered the National Library in 

 1834, and made Greek palaeography his study. 

 In 1840, in a collection of manuscripts from 

 Mount Athos, he detected a lost fragment of 

 the original " Philosophoumena," and edited it 

 tor an Oxford edition. Within a few years he 

 had been engaged on a catalogue of the Greek 

 manuscripts in the Escurial. 



Minghetti, Marco, an Italian statesman, born 

 in Bologna, Sept. 8, 1818; died, Dec. 10, 

 1886. His father died early, but he was care- 

 fully educated under his mother's supervision, 

 and after studying mathematics, physics, and 

 political science, he traveled extensively in 

 France, England, and Germany. After his re- 

 turn he delivered lectures on political econ- 

 omy before the Agricultural Society of Bo- 

 logna, in which he upheld the principles of 

 free trade, and proposed a customs union for 

 Italy. During the revolutionary epoch of 

 1848 he conducted a newspaper in which he 

 opposed the extreme radicalism of Mazzini, 

 and advocated the cause of the constitutional 

 monarchy. On the accession of Pius IX he 

 was called to Rome as a state counselor, and 

 in the lay Cabinet of March 10, 1848, he took 

 the portfolio of Public Works. After the 

 change of Papal policy had been indicated in 

 the Encyclica of April 29, 1848, he joined the 

 partisans of King Charles Albert. He fought 

 with distinction in the campaign of 1848. He 

 formed a close friendship with Cavour, and 

 supported that statesman without reserve. In 

 1856 he accompanied Cavour to the Congress 

 of Paris, after which he was appointed Secre- 

 tary of the Foreign Office, and then Minister 

 of the Interior. From the death of Cavour 

 until more radical elements gained the upper 

 hand under the lead of Depretis, his was the 

 guiding hand in Italian politics. At times he 

 was Prime Minister, and at other times he 

 held the portfolios of Finance, the Interior, or 

 Public Works. He was one of the most cele- 

 brated political economists of the day, and un- 

 der his direction the financial and economical 

 laws of Italy were largely developed. He 

 withdrew to the Conservative Opposition 

 upon the accession of Depretis to power, but, 

 when the latter veered toward the Right in 

 his policy, Minghetti and his followers sup- 

 ported the ministry in nearly every question 

 of national importance. 



Moewe, Wilhelm, a German physician, born in 

 1814; died in Berlin in November, 1886. He 

 was generally called Moewe Calbe, from the 

 constituency he represented in the Frankfort 

 Parliament of 1848. When the rump of that 

 assembly removed to Stuttgart, he acted as 

 president. After its dispersion, he was con- 

 demned in contumaciam to penal servitude for 

 life. He made his escape to Switzerland. He 

 settled in New York, and practiced medicine 

 in that city until the amnesty of 1861 ena- 

 bled him to return in safety to' Prussia. From 



