766 



PORTUGAL. 



injected into living animals, ami then, with the 

 utmost expedition, particular tissues are ex- 

 amined, interesting reactions of the living tis- 

 sue under the coloring-matters may be per- 

 ceived, which, though rapidly evanescent, re- 

 veal facts which by other methods are in part 

 wholly unascertainable, in part to be ascer- 

 tained only with difficulty. In his paper, Prof. 

 Ehrlich describes the appearances which he ob- 

 served in the tissues of the tongue, the cornea, 

 iris and retina, the muscles, vessels, arteries, 

 capillaries, and veins, nerve stems and roots, 

 and brains. 



Prof. Busch, in studying the laws of ossifi- 

 cation, inserted grains of shot or pins into the 

 bones of dogs, and in due time made meas- 

 urements to determine the manner in which 

 growth had taken place. The results indicated, 

 in the case of the lower maxilla, that increase 

 in length was not due to interstitial growth, 

 but to apposition. In the case of the long 

 bones a satisfactory result was not reached 

 respecting epiphysis, but it was shown that 

 the diaphyses grow by apposition from the 

 epiphysal line, and that, in proportion as the 

 parts retire from this line, they become from 

 reabsorption thinner and slenderer. Prof. 

 Wolff says that a large number of experiments 

 which he had performed on the lower jaws of 

 young rabbits gave results contrary to those 

 reached by Prof. Busch, showing an 'intersti- 

 tial growth of the bone. 



PORTUGAL, a constitutional monarchy in 

 southwestern Europe. The Cortes, as the rep- 

 resentative assembly is called, consists of a 

 House of Peers, with 162 members, and a 

 House of Deputies, with 173. The reigning 

 sovereign is Luiz I, born in 1838. The minis- 

 try is composed as follows : President of the 

 Council and Minister of the Interior, J. L. de 

 Castro Pereira Corte Keal; Minister of Jus- 

 tice, Francisco A. da Veiga Beirao ; Minister 

 of Finance, Marianno Cyrillo de Carvalho ; 

 Minister of War, Viscount de Sao Januario ; 

 Minister of Marine and the Colonies. H. de 

 Macedo; Minister of Foreign Affairs, H. de 

 Barros Gomes ; Minister of Public Works, 

 Commerce, and Industry, Emygdio J. Navarro. 



Area and Population. The area of the kingdom 

 is 37,793 square miles. The population in 1881 

 was 4,708,178. The only two large towns are 

 Lisbon, with 243,010, and Oporto, with 105,838 

 inhabitants. The number of emigrants in 1884 

 was 11,332 from the mainland and 6,186 from 

 the islands. 



Commerce. The total value of the special 

 imports in 1882 was 34,937,000 milreis, and of 

 the special exports 24,762,000 milreis. Great 

 Britain has much the largest share in the for- 

 eign trade, furnishing 15,232,000 milreis of the 

 imports, and taking 10,828,000 milreis of the 

 exports. Brazil furnished 2,140,000 milreis 

 of imports, and received Portuguese products 

 of the value of 5,964,000 milreis. France 

 comes next, with 4.133,000 milreis of imports 

 and 1,472,000 milreis of exports ; and then the 



United States, with 5,298,000 milreis of im- 

 ports and 610,000 milreis of exports. The 

 total value of the imports in 1885 was 37,- 

 207,000 milreis; and of the exports 24,975,000 

 milreis, divided among the various classes of 

 merchandise as follows, the values being given 

 in milreis : 



There were 2,246 sailing-vessels and 3,215 

 steamers engaged in foreign commerce entered 

 in 1885, the former aggregating 395,000 and 

 the latter 3,018,000 tons. The merchant ma- 

 rine in 1886 consisted of 36 steamers, of 16,583 

 tons, and 433 sailing-vessels, of 67,518 tons. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. There were 

 1,426 kilometres of railroad in operation in 

 1886, besides 90 kilometres of secondary lines; 

 and 477 kilometres of the former and 97 of the 

 latter class were in process of construction. 



The post-office during the year 1885 for- 

 warded 20,103,329 letters, 2,239,602 postal- 

 cards, 4,033,467 circulars and book packages, 

 and 12,385,193 journals. 



The length of the.telegraph lines belonging 

 to the state in the beginning of 1885 was 4,978 

 kilometres, with 11,732 kilometres of wire. 

 The number of paid messages in 1884 was 

 707,304, of which 460,341 were internal, 87,192 

 international, and 159,771 in transit. The re- 

 ceipts amounted to 220,684 milreis. 



The Army and Navy. The peace effective of 

 the Portuguese army on March 81, 1886, wa* 

 2,476 officers and 36,191 men, with 3,626 

 horses and mules. The war effective is 125,057 

 officers and men, with 7,821 horses, 4,870 

 mules, and 264 cannon. The number of troops 

 maintained under arms in the colonies is 8,826. 



The navy in 1886 consisted of 1 ironclad 

 corvette, 6 unarmored corvettes, 15 gunboats, 

 9 other steamers, and 2 torpedo-boats. 



Finances. The receipts of the Government 

 during the year ending March 31, 1884, were 

 35,078,940 milreis, including 4,089,000 milreis 

 of extraordinary receipts ; the expenditures 

 amounted to 36,464,423 milreis. The budges 

 for 1886-'87 estimates the receipts, including 

 3,890,000 milreis from extraordinary sources, 

 at the sum of 36,161,150 milreis, and the ex- 

 penditures at 38,021,535 milreis. 



The public debt on June 30, 1885, amounted 

 to 477,028,108 milreis, composed of the inter- 

 nal debt refunded at 3 per cent., of the nomi- 



