790 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



RUSSIA. 



widely circulated Catholic book ever printed 

 in America, u The Faith of our Fathers." On 

 June 30, Mgr. Straniero, accompanied by a 

 member of the Pope's noble guard, Count Stan- 

 islaus Muccioli, who had brought the red be- 

 retta to Cardinal Gibbons, was present at the 

 conferring of it by the most Rev. Archbishop 

 Henrich, of St. Louis. The beretta is a small 

 head-cap, sometimes called che zuicMto. 



On June 11 the Rt. Rev. Bishop Hendricken, 

 of Providence, R. I., died. (See page 682.) 

 The cathedral at Providence, one of the hand- 

 somest ecclesiastical edifices in the country, 

 was begun by him. Another great loss to the 

 American hierarchy was that of the Rt. Rev. 

 Bishop Shanahan, of Harrisburg. (See page 

 699.) 



The death of Cardinal Guibert, Archbishop 

 of Paris, took place on July 8, 1886. Cardinal 

 Guibert was a remarkable figure in French 

 annals. To the last he was the friend of Vic- 

 tor Hugo, whom he had offered to visit while 

 Hugo was expecting death, and the cardinal 

 himself was very ill. (See page 716.) The 

 deaths of Mother Hardy, Assistant -General 

 of the Ladies of the Sacred Heart, and of 

 Mother Angela, of the Congregation of the 

 Holy Cross, were deeply lamented by the relig- 

 ious communities of the United States. That 

 of James D. McMaster, the veteran editor of 

 the New York "Freeman's Journal," took 

 place on December 29. He was buried on the 

 last day of the year. Even those who differed 

 most violently with his opinions, united in 

 honoring his courage and talents. Mr. Mc- 

 Master was of Scotch descent, a native of the 

 State of New York, his father having been the 

 Rev. Gilbert McMaster, a Presbyterian minis- 

 ter. He was born on April 1, 1819. He was a 

 convert to the Catholic Church. On March 4, 

 1887, the famous Father Beckyx died. Fa- 

 ther Becky x was General of the Society of 

 Jesus. He was born at Sichem, in Brabant, 

 in 1795. He entered the novitiate of the Jesu- 

 its Oct. 29, 1819, and was elected general in 

 1853, on the death of Father Rosthan. He 

 was succeeded by Father Anduledy, his as- 

 sistant. In 1886-'87 the College of Cardinals 

 lost Cardinals Innocent Ferrieri, born in 1810; 

 John Baptist Franzilin, of the Society of Jesus, 

 born April 15, 1816 ; Louis Mary Joseph Eu- 

 sebius Caverot, born May 26, 1806, who was 

 Archbishop of Lyons ; Amerioo Ferriera dos 

 Santos Silvas, born Jan. 16, 1829; James Cat- 

 tani, Archbishop of Ravenna, born Jan. 13, 

 1823; and Louis Jacobini, the Pontifical Sec- 

 retary of State, born in 1832. 



The negotiations between the Holy See and 

 Germany culminated in an entente cordiale. 

 The Pope advised the Catholics of Germany 

 to support the septennate bill, and, in return, 

 Prince Bismarck began destroying the work 

 of the Kulturkampf and abrogating the May 

 3aws, which had weighed on the Catholics 

 of Germany like an interdict. In France, 

 the republic seemed bent on an entire divis- 



ion of church and state, and the laicization 

 of the hospitals and schools still continued. 

 In Italy, the attitude of the Vatican and 

 Quirinal still remained the same, though there 

 were rumors, not entirely without founda- 

 tion, that the Pope would be offered a small 

 independent territory. In China, the massa- 

 cres of Christians were periodical. In Japan, 

 the Church made some progress, enough to 

 make the missionaries very hopeful. The first 

 high pontifical mass since the Reformation, 

 was celebrated at Copenhagen, Denmark, on 

 Jan. 24, 1886. 



A movement to erect a monument to Ores- 

 tes A. Brownson, the celebrated publicist, in 

 Central Park, New York city, was begun, the 

 remains of Dr. Brownson having, on June 

 16, been transferred to the Brownson Memo- 

 rial Chapel, at the University of Notre Dame, 

 Indiana. On March 15, in private consistory, 

 the Pope created the following cardinals: Mgr. 

 Camillo di Rende, Archbishop of Benevento, 

 and Nuncio at Paris ; Mgr. Rampollo de Zin- 

 doro, Archbishop of Eraclea; Mgr. Vannutelli, 

 Archbishop of Nicea, and Nuncio to the court 

 of Austria- Hungary ; Mgr. Masella ; and Mgr. 

 Luigi Giordani, Archbishop of Ferrara. On 

 Thursday, March 17, the new cardinals, in- 

 cluding Gibbons and Taschereau, who had gone 

 to Rome, received their hats in a public consist- 

 ory. Cardinal Gibbons's argument against the 

 condemnation of the Knights of Labor in the 

 United States by the Pope, was heard with 

 attention, and no adverse action was taken. 



RUSSIA, an empire in northeastern Europe 

 and Asia. The Emperor possesses supreme leg- 

 islative, executive, and judicial powers, and is 

 the spiritual head of the state Church. The 

 Government is carried on through the Emper- 

 or's Cabinet, which was composed in 1886 as 

 follows : Minister of the Imperial Household, 

 Count Vorontzoff Dashkoif ; Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs, Nicholas de Giers ; Minister of 

 War, Gen. P. Vannovski ; Minister of Marine, 

 Admiral Shestakoff ; Minister of the Interior, 

 Count Tolstoi ; Minister of Education, M. De- 

 lianoff; Minister of Finance, M. Bunge; Min- 

 ister of Domains, M. Ostrovski ; Minister of 

 Roads and Communications, C. Possiet. 



On Dec. 28, 1886, Bunge, who was the only 

 member of the Cabinet with liberal sympa- 

 thies, was replaced by Vyshnegradski, a Con- 

 servative of the Katkoff school, who was for- 

 merly director of the St. Petersburg Polytech- 

 nic Institute, and afterward a manager of rail- 

 roads and of the St. Petersburg water-works. 

 (For area and population, see "Annual Cyclo- 

 pedia" for 1884.) 



The Army. The'strength of the standing field 

 army on Jan. 1, 1885, was 21,832 officers, and 

 590.264 rank and file. There were 824 bat- 

 talions of infantry numbering 451,161 men, 

 commanded by 15,116 officers; 330 squadrons 

 of cavalry, with 2,627 officers and 51,270 men ; 

 342 batteries of artillery, with 3,273 officers, 

 68,371 men, and 1,532 guns; and 30 battal- 



