SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



809 



the Cortes in November, Sagasta announced a 

 long list of reforms, including civil marriage 

 and the introduction of trial by jury. But he 

 was not prepared to propose universal suffrage. 



Commerce. The total value of the imports in 

 1884 was 779,643,866 pesetas (1 peseta = 1 

 franc, or 19'3 cents) ; the value of the exports, 

 619,192,339 peseta?. Of the imports, 191,- 

 900,000 pesetas came from France, 163,800,- 

 000 pesetas from Great Britain, 88,700,000 pe- 

 setas from Germany, 39,000,000 pesetas from 

 Belgium, 25,200,000 pesetas from Sweden and 

 Norway, and 154,100,000 pesetas from Amer- 

 ica. Of the exports, 254,900,000 pesetas went 

 to France, 168,000,000 pesetas to Great Britain, 

 and 124,500,000 pesetas to American countries. 

 The mercantile fleet in 1884 numbered 1,902 

 vessels, of which 426 were steamers. 



Commercial Treaty with England. The treaty 

 that, after long negotiations, Minister Moret 

 concluded with Great Britain, created great 

 dissatisfaction in Spain. The manufacturers 

 and laborers of Barcelona and other industrial 

 towns declared that the modus vivendi would 

 ruin them through the influx of British manu- 

 factures Wine-growers asserted that the limit 

 of thirty degrees would shut out their most 

 profitable sorts. The West Indian colonists 

 complained because their coffee, sugar, and 

 cocoa were subjected to Indian competition. 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY, two kingdoms in 

 northern Europe, united in the person of the 

 sovereign. The reigning King is Oscar II, born 

 Jan. 21, 1829. 



SWEDEN. The ministry is composed of the 

 following members: Prime Minister, O. R. 

 Themptander; Minister of Foreign Aft'airs, 

 Count A. C. A. L. Ehrensvard ; Chief of the 

 Department of Justice, N. H. Vult de Steyern, 

 Chief of the Marine Department, Baron C. G. 

 von Otter ; Chief of the Department of Ecclesi- 

 astical Affairs, C. G. Hammarskjold ; Chief of 

 the Department of War, Major-General K. A. 

 Ryding; Chief of the Department of the In- 

 terior, J. E. von Krusenstjerna; Chief of the 

 Department of Finance, Baron C. G. A. Tamm ; 

 State Councilors without portfolios, J. H. Lo- 

 ven and J. 0. E. Richert. The Ministry of 

 Finance, previously directed by the Prime Min- 

 ister, was given into the charge of Baron Tamm 

 in May, 1886. 



Area and Population. The area of Sweden is 

 170,979 square miles. The population on Dec. 

 31, 1885, was 4,682,769, comprising 2,273,861 

 males and 2,408,908 females. The number of 

 marriages in 1884 was 30,200; of births, 142,- 

 532; of deaths, 84,914; increment, 57,668. 

 The number of emigrants in 1884 was 23,560. 

 The population of Stockholm, the capital, in 

 1885, was 215,688. 



Finances. The budget for 1887 states the 

 revenue to be 84,830,000 crown?, equal to 

 $22.914,100, of which 8,153,000 crowns consist 

 of the balance in the treasury, 19,342,000 of 

 receipts classed as ordinary, 55,535,000 of the 

 extraordinary receipts, or those derived from 



customs, excise, stamps, etc., and 1,800,000 of 

 the profits of the postal service. The ordi- 

 nary expenditures are set down as 64,046,610 

 crowns. The total expenditures balance the 

 receipts; the public debt on Jan. 1, 1886, con- 

 tracted exclusively for the construction of rail- 

 ways, amounted to 247,069,595 crowns, of 

 which 214,302,195 crowns were owing abroad. 



The Army. The erlisted troops in 1886 num- 

 bered 9,597 men, and the cantoned troops 27,- 

 193. The war strength of the army was 190,- 

 452, with 258 guns and 5,965 horses. 



The Navy. The navy in 1886 comprised 31 

 gunboats of different classes, 15 of them armor- 

 plated, 16 torpedo-boats, and 13 other steam- 

 ers. The most powerful vessel is the "Svea," 

 a central citadel armor-clad with 12 inches of 

 armor and two 32-ton breech-loading guns, be- 

 sides two of 8-inch bore. 



Commerce. The total value of the imports in 



1884 was 325.817,000 crowns. The exports 

 were valued at 238,612,000 crowns. The im- 

 ports from the United States amounted to 

 5,353,000 crowns; the exports to the United 

 States to 1,738,000 crowns. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The length 

 of railroads in the beginning of 1886 was 4,307 

 miles, of which 1,440 belonged to the state. 



The number of letters and postal-cards for- 

 warded in 1884 was 44,670,919. The receipts 

 of the post office were 6,095,198 crowns; the 

 expenses, 5,384,601 crowns. 



The length of the state telegraph lines in 



1885 was 5,360 miles, with 13,105 miles of 

 wire. There were 607,256 internal and 444,- 

 838 foreign messages transmitted during 1885, 

 not including 114,540 in transit. The receipts 

 were 1,325,127, the expenses 1,330,030 crowns. 



The Session. The Swedish Parliament as- 

 sembled on Jan. 18, 1886, and was closed on 

 May 18. The principal measure discussed was 

 a bill to place protective duties on cereal im- 

 ports, which was rejected on March 13. 



NORWAY. The ministry, constituted June 

 26, 1884, is composed as follows: Prime Min- 

 ister and Chief of the Department of Defense, 

 J. Sverdrup; Chief of the Department of Wor- 

 ship and Instruction', E. Blix; Chief of the De- 

 partment of the Revision of Accounts, J. L. R. 

 Sverdrup ; Chief of the Department of Justice 

 and Police, A. A. Sorenssen ; Chief of the In- 

 terior Department, S. A. B. Arctander ; Chief 

 of the Department of Finance and Customs, 

 R. M. Haugland ; Chief of the Department of 

 Public Works, II. R. Astrup. The section of 

 the Council of State residing at Stockholm con- 

 sists of Minister of State Ole Richter, and the 

 Councilors Elias Blix and S. A. B. Arctander. 



Finances. The receipts of the treasury for 

 the year ending June 30, 1885, were 44,994,500 

 crowns, of which 20,137,400 crowns were de- 

 rived Irom customs and 5,826.000 from rail- 

 roads. The expenditures were 41,233.900 

 crowns. The national debt on June 30, 1885, 

 amounted to 108,638,800 crowns; the assets of 

 the Government to 141,728,200 crowns. 



